MK-Ultra, Cathy O'Brien

FranklinScandal 

 

This page dedicated to promoting  the book:

Trance-Formation of America

On August 3rd, 1977 the 95th U.S. Congress opened hearings into the reported abuses concerning the CIA's TOP SECRET mind control research program code named MK-Ultra. On February 8th, 1988, a top-level MK-Ultra victim, Cathy O'Brien, was covertly rescued from her mind control enslavement by Intelligence insider Mark Phillips. Their seven year pursuit of Justice was stopped FOR REASONS OF NATIONAL SECURITY. TRANCE Formation of America exposes the truth behind this covert government program and its ultimate goal: psychological control of a nation. Website

9/11 Truth, JFK assassination, Holocaust revision & ISIS interactive spreadsheet

9/11, JFK, Holocaust ISIS Timeline

 

click to play

Obama, gay, blackmail, Man's Country, Chicago go to NFU pages

=go to other NFU page

 

9-11

 

Trance-Formation of America
 
Cathy O'Brien From Wikipedia
Cathy O'Brien From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the long-distance runner, see Cathy O'Brien (athlete). Cathy O'Brien Born December 4, 1957 (age 55) Muskegon, Michigan Nationality American Occupation Writer, speaker Known for Conspiracy theorist, claims of victimization by Project MKULTRA Spouse(s) Mark Phillips Children Kelly O'Brien Parents Earl M. O'Brien Carol O'Brien (née Tanis) Website http://trance-formation.com/ Cathleen Ann O'Brien (born December 4, 1957, Muskegon, Michigan[1]) is an American who claims to be a victim of Project MKULTRA, a program funded by the Central Intelligence Agency to research the use of drugs forintelligence purposes.[2][3][4][5][6] O'Brien made these claims in Trance Formation of America (1995) and Access Denied: For Reasons of National Security (2004) which she co-authored with her husband Mark Phillips.[6]O'Brien is one of many people publicly claiming to have survived "CIA mind control" programs. The memories that O'Brien has asserted she possesses were retrieved through the use of hypnosis. The specific program which she claimed was responsible for her dissociative identity disorder, Project Monarch, is not mentioned in reviews of MKULTRA, its alleged parent program. Because most MKULTRA records were deliberately destroyed in 1973 by order of then CIA Director Richard Helms, it has been difficult, if not impossible, for investigators to gain a complete understanding of the more than 150 individually funded research sub-projects sponsored by MKULTRA and related CIA programs. O'Brien also claims to have a recollection of child abuse - of her and her daughter - by international pedophile rings, drug barons and satanists, as part of a sex slave aspect to her 'trauma based mind control programming'. Individuals from United StatesCanadianMexican and Saudi Arabian government officials, to stars of theCountry and Western music scene are among those she accuses of these crimes. According to critic Michael Barkun, investigations into the story produced no credible evidence and numerous inconsistencies.[5] Contents   [hide 1 Project Monarch 2 Multiple personality 3 Criticisms of O'Brien 4 Bibliography 5 Footnotes 6 External links [edit]Project Monarch O'Brien claims to have been recruited against her will by the CIA and her abusive father as a child, through a network of child pornographers he was involved with, and forced to participate in a mind control program named Project Monarch, which is said to be a subsection of Project MKULTRA and Project ARTICHOKE.[2][3][4][5] Despite scholarly investigation of the MKULTRA program, there is no evidence for the existence of Project Monarch except for O'Brien's testimony.[5] [edit]Multiple personality O'Brien says that she has developed dissociative identity disorder and that she has no memory of some of her activities. She also says that she has aphotographic recall of the events that she suffered whilst her alternate personalities were in control.[6] [edit]Criticisms of O'Brien Swedish scholar Mattias Gardell asserts that O'Brien's claims are almost entirely unsupported by any evidence outside her testimony or the similarly unverified testimony of others,[7] and studies of MKULTRA have produced no mention of Project Monarch.[5] Many other conspiracy theorists are skeptical of O'Brien's claims. Despite this skepticism her stories have entered the conspiracy culture, linking claims ofsatanic ritual abuse with Project Monarch.[8] [edit]Bibliography O'Brien, C; Phillips M (1995) (pdf). TranceFormation of America. Reality Marketing, Incorporated. ISBN 0-9660165-4-8. Retrieved 200-10-20. O'Brien, C (2004). Access Denied: For Reasons of National Security. Reality Marketing, Incorporated. ISBN 0-9660165-3-X. [edit]Footnotes ^ O'Brien, Cathy. "Trance Formation Of America". Retrieved 17 May 2012. ^ a b Versluis, A (2006). The new inquisitions: heretic-hunting and the intellectual origins of modern totalitarianism. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. p. 173. ISBN 0-19-530637-6. Retrieved 2008-10-20. ^ a b de Young, M (2004). The day care ritual abuse moral panic. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland. p. 235. ISBN 0-7864-1830-3. Retrieved 2008-10-20. ^ a b Toropov B (2001). The complete idiot's guide to urban legends. Indianapolis, Ind: Alpha Books. p. 221. ISBN 0-02-864007-1. Retrieved 2008-10-20. ^ a b c d e Barkun, Michael (2003). A culture of conspiracy: apocalyptic visions in contemporary America. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 76. ISBN 0-520-23805-2. Retrieved 2008-10-20. ^ a b c Phillips, Mark (1995) (pdf). TranceFormation of America. Reality Marketing, Incorporated. ISBN 0-9660165-4-8. Retrieved 2008-10-20. ^ Gardell M (2003). Gods of the blood: the pagan revival and white separatism. Durham, N.C: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3071-7. Retrieved 2008-10-20. ^ Knight P (2003). Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO. pp. 487ISBN 1-57607-812-4. [edit]External links Personal webpage [hide] v  t  e Satanic ritual abuse List of satanic ritual abuse allegations Cases and accused Cleveland child abuse scandal  Faith Chapel Church ritual abuse case  Fells Acres Day Care Center preschool trial  Kern County child abuse cases Little Rascals day care sexual abuse trial  Martensville satanic sex scandal  McMartin preschool trial  Oak Hill satanic ritual abuse trial South Ronaldsay child abuse scandal  Thurston county ritual abuse case  Wee Care Nursery School abuse trial People Gerald Amirault  Anne Johnson Davis  Mary de Young  Paul and Shirley Eberle  Peter Hugh McGregor Ellis  Stephen A. Kent  Kee MacFarlane  Liz Mullinar Debbie Nathan  Cathy O'Brien  Richard Ofshe  Lawrence Pazder  Valerie Sinason  Ralph Underwager  Mike Warnke Publications and media Michelle Remembers  The Courage to Heal  Pace memorandum  Indictment: The McMartin Trial  Treating Survivors of Satanist Abuse Cult and Ritual Abuse  Speak of the Devil  No Crueler Tyrannies Related topics Believe the Children  Blood libel  Children's Institute International  Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome  Conspiracy theory Day care sex abuse hysteria  Dissociative identity disorder  False memory syndrome  Franklin child prostitution ring allegations  Moral panic National Center for Reason and Justice

Transcription: Cathy O'Brien's Presentation   Mind Control
A Presentation  to Justice Pro Se     by Mark Phillips and Cathy O'Brien
June 4, 1996
Livonia Civic Center Library, Livonia Michigan  transcribed from tape by Peter J. Celano   http://ic.net/~celano/cathtrans.html

Cathy O'Brien speaking:
I'd like to thank Justice Pro Se for having Mark and I come in and speak to all of you, and I'd like to thank each and every one of you for coming out here this evening, to arm yourselves with information on a tool that is being used to usher in what Adolph Hitler and George Bush term "New World Order," and that is mind control.  You have a right to know and a need to know these secrets that the perpe-traitors* in control of our country have been controlling all of us by for far too long.  Knowledge is our only defense against mind control.
*(Transcriber's note: Cathy distinctly says, "Perpe-Traitors".  It is also a term that is used repeatedly in their book.)
I know I am extremely fortunate to have survived my CIA MKUltra mind control victimization.  I know I am extremely fortunate to have survived to this point, to be able to relay this information to all of you.  Many government secrets and personal reputations were staked on the belief that I could not be deprogrammed to remember those things that I was supposed to forget.  They were wrong.  They never considered the strength of the human spirit.  They never considered what would happen when a good man like Mark Phillips found out their secrets and used them for good: used them for the betterment of humanity, used them to restore a mind and a memory, rather than to destroy one and control one.
Now that I am in control of my own mind, and ultimately my free will, I'm telling all that I've witnessed and experienced behind the scenes as a White House/Pentagon level mind controlled slave.  I know that my victimization was extreme, and I certainly am not interested or intending to traumatize you with the information of my victimization.  Instead, I want to provide you a comprehensive understanding of the components of mind control, and what the plan is for controlling all of us in this world dominance New World Order effort.  Many government secrets and personal reputations are now being revealed.  Much is coming to light in society today, because people all across this country are beginning to ask questions as to why has our country been eroding morally and constitutionally.  Tonight, this information is intended only to provide you with detailed answers, so that you can be far more effective in this ongoing effort to take back our country.
These perpe-traitors in control of our country have operated on the belief that secret knowledge equals power.  The more we tell their secrets, the more their power erodes, and the better our chances are for effectively taking back our country.  These people that have been in control of our country for far too long are extremely intelligent, yet they don't think deep.  They are limited in their thinking by their own immorality.  That's where we all have the edge on them.  They never counted on good people all across this country to spread information in any means available, and it certainly isn't through our controlled medias.  Information has to be spread word-of-mouth, through meetings such as these, as this one is tonight, that are occurring all across this country, through shortwave radio, through various radio stations and public television.  There are ways for each of us to get the information out.  There are ways to spread the secrets that they would not want you to know.
As you hear this information tonight, please bear in mind that we are all enduring a mind war.  They refer to it as "psychological warfare."  Mind control is a psychological warfare weapon.  Because it is psychological, we must deal with it in a logical manner, and that's exactly what they aren't counting on.  What they want all of us to do is to hear this kind of information, become hysterical, become emotional, and listen to all the "hate crimes" that are being built up in our controlled medias, and start shooting at each other.  They would like nothing more than for everyone to be confused as to who the problem is, and for all of us to end up shooting at each other, instead of logically taking this information, seeing how it effects us, seeing how it has affected us from various aspects of society, and take careful action in an ongoing effort to take back our country.
When the people lead, the leaders follow.
I'd like to begin by giving you a very comprehensive understanding of mind control through my own victimization.  Although my victimization is extreme, it certainly is no more horrific than what is happening in society today, from the erosion of our constitutional values, to the drug wars being brought to our streets, to all the horrors that we are enduring through such things as Waco, Ruby Ridge, the Oklahoma City bombing.  Instead, by giving you this information on mind control, I hope that each and every one of you will have a much better understanding of exactly what is going on in our country.
I was born in 1957, in Muskegon, Michigan, to a multi-generational, incest based family.  My father had been sexually abused as a child, my mother had been sexually abused as a child, and they were sexually abusing me.  As far back as I can remember, my father was sexually abusing me.  And I've often heard them brag that he began substituting his penis for my mother's nipple while I was still an infant.  This confused my primitive sexuality.  It put it into an area of pure survival.  It was the same, to me, as eating and drinking.  It was for this reason that I was targeted as a sex slave in the MKUltra project.
Another reason that I was targeted is because in multi generational families, as the Hitler/Himmler research discovered, and as has certainly been elaborated on since then, was discovered that when a person endures trauma that is literally too horrible to comprehend, the mind's sane defense to that kind of trauma is to compartmentalize the memory of that event in a certain portion of the brain, so that the rest of the mind... (lost about 5 seconds here.) ..."Dissociative Identity Disorder," as it is now termed.  It used to be called "multiple personality disorder," but that was not an accurate description of exactly what really is going on.
(Unintelligible) the compartmentalization of memory.  I developed a memory compartment to deal with my father's abuse.  The part of my brain that dealt with my father's abuse would actually open up.  The neuro-pathways would actually open up to a part of me that dealt with my father's abuse could deal with him again and again and again, as needed.  That part of my mind was closed off behind that amnesic barrier, and I would function absolutely free of any memory of that horrific abuse.  I really had no place to put such horror anyway.  It's not that what my father was doing was morally wrong, that I comprehended.  I was just a little bitty kid.  There was no way I could know that it was morally wrong.  But, instead, I endured the pain and the suffocation of his abuse.
The government understood, from a study that has long since been (unintelligible), that this compartmentalization of memory should prove ideal for keeping their perverse secrets.  Behind these amnesic barriers in the memory compartment is a photographic memory, because the mind photographically records events around these traumas.  Most people know exactly where they were and what they were doing when John F. Kennedy was assassinated.  This is an example of how the mind photographically records events surrounding trauma, because that was an event that traumatized the whole nation.
This kind of photographic memory certainly had the interest of the government, because they knew that Dissociative Identity Disorder children, such as myself, were highly suggestible and could be easily programmed photographically to deliver messages, as it were.  In my case, since I had been sexually abused, I was used as a sex slave, and therefore my suggestible mind was programmed to carry out and fulfill perversions of certain politicians who did not want their perversions known to the rest of the public.  They truly believed that their secrets would be kept secret forever.  Had I not been expertly deprogrammed, I would not ever have been able to think to tell you about what happened, and what I witnessed, as a White House/Pentagon level mind controlled slave.
I developed another compartment in my mind to deal with my mother's psychological abuse.  My mother suffered from Dissociative Identity Disorder, or Multiple Personality Disorder, as it was known back then, as well.  This is why I don't really hold her responsible for her actions, but, nevertheless, she was extremely psychologically abusive, and the effects on me were devastating.  I felt that, I developed another compartment to deal with my mother's psychological abuse.
I developed another memory compartment to deal with the pornography that my father was subjecting me to.  My father had a sixth grade education, and earned his living as a worm digger, and supplemented the family income with proceeds from child pornography.  The child pornography that he was subjecting me to was also being manufactured by my mother's brother, my Uncle Bob Tanis, also of the Muskegon, Michigan area.  Uncle Bob was part of the Air Force Intelligence, and also claimed to have been working for the intelligence arm of the Catholic Vatican, the Jesuits.  My uncle Bob was heavily involved in the manufacture of pornography at that time.
When my father made a pornography film with me and my uncle's dog, Buster, which was a kiddy porn bestiality film, they were caught sending this child pornography through the U.S. mail.  When this happened, my uncle Bob Tanis came to him and explained to him that there was an operation going on here in the United States called MKUltra.   He told my father that if he would agree to sell me into the CIA's MKUltra mind control, that he could receive immunity from prosecution.  My father thought this was a great idea.  He thought that the government actually condoned child abuse.  He went on to have five more children to raise in the project.  There were seven of us in all.
At that time, the child pornography that was being manufactured was being circulated through the local Michigan Mafia pornography ring.  Also at that time, a certain criminal faction of our government was sanctioning this kind of child pornography, because they were interested in finding out which children were being used in the pornography; which children could be targeted for mind control, because they knew that if a child was abused prior to the age of five, before their minds and brains could be completely formed, that they were far more receptive to mind control.  Therefore, a certain faction of our government was interested in mind control experimentation and use, that actually were covering up the Mafia's child pornography ring.
Once my father agreed to sell me into the CIA's MKUltra project, we were visited by the head of the local Michigan Mafia pornography ring - or rather the politician that was covering up all of these kinds of perverse crimes in our area.  His name was Gerald Ford.  This is the same Gerald Ford that went into the office of President.
Gerald Ford came out to our house, and he explained to my father how to raise me in the project.  He explained to him how to manipulate my subconscious mind, because since I couldn't consciously comprehend the horror, (I mean, where in the world would I place something so horrible in my mind anyway?) I was functioning on subconscious level.  The subconscious mind does not comprehend - does not question or reason or rationalize things that it is told.  Information that is fed in is readily accepted, through either hypnotic language, language of the subconscious, or neuro-linguistic programming, as it is officially called.  My father called it "reverse psychology," and he was immediately flown off for a two week course on what he termed "reverse psychology" in Boston, Massachusetts.
When he came back, my victimization became much more horrific, because of the information and the knowledge that my father had learned.  My father began applying what he had learned, and in his attempt, he was attempting to scramble fantasy with reality, so that what was happening to me would seem like it was just happening in a dream, or it was just a storybook, or something that wasn't real.  It was much easier for me to believe something like that than to actually have to deal with reality, that my father was so perverse, and the abuse that I was enduring was actually being condoned and sanctioned by a criminal faction of our government.
At that time, my father had been instructed to take me to Mackinac Island, Michigan.  Mackinac Island, as I am sure most of you are well aware, is located between the U.S. and Canadian border, in essence, and it's where the Michigan Governor's Mansion is located.  It is a political retreat, where politicians from all over the country meet and discuss their political agendas.  At that time, the governor of Michigan was Governor George Romney.
It was my experience that Governor Romney was interested in implementing mind control into various aspects of society.  He truly believed that mind control was a necessity in society.  He believed in the kind of mind control that I was being subjected to.  He also believed that bringing mind control into the school system would be very beneficial for teaching children greater amounts of information.  The Michigan Education System ranked first in the nation for quite some time during those years.  It was actually a forerunner of global education, or "Outcome Based Education," as it is now called.  This was one area that I was aware Governor Romney was particularly interested in.
It was also in Mackinac Island, Michigan, that I was subjected to the perversion of Gerald Ford.  Gerald Ford had been sexually abusing me for a long time anyway.  It is not that he was a typical pedophile, like another one of my abusers was, but instead it was more that he was interested in traumatizing the minds in sexual abuse so that he could gain control.  He's what I refer to as try-sexual.  He'd try anything, with anybody, any age, any time, anywhere.  It didn't matter.  What mattered was the perversion of power.
Another one of my abusers at that time was then Michigan Senator, later U.S. Congressman, Guy VanderJagt.  Guy VanderJagt was an absolute pedophile, and had been sexually abusing me for quite some time.  Unlike Gerald Ford, he did not abuse me throughout my victimization.  He did not abuse me through the Reagan/Bush administration, and when that reached into adulthood.  Instead, he was sexually abusing me as a child, and preparing my mind for mind control, and for the role that I would be forced to participate in, in this MKUltra project.
I'm telling you these names, not because I think there's any kind of glamour in being sexually abused by politicians.  Really, quite the contrary.  I've named names in our book, "Trance Formation of America," in order that you know exactly who and what is in control of our country, and for what purpose.  I realize that here in Michigan many of you are familiar with these names.  There has been a deliberate smoke and mirrors illusion created to fool the American population into believing that their "New World Order" effort is an effort toward world peace of some kind, when in fact it is a world dominance effort that has been in motion for quite some time.
It was in Mackinac Island, Michigan, that I first learned some of these components of New World Order mind control, and other aspects of mind control victimization.  Since I was being traumatized, I was photographically recording conversations, and I learned how people such as myself, with Dissociative Identity Disorder, were considered prime candidates, or "chosen ones," for mind control.  Not only because of the compartmentalization of memory, but also because when a person is so traumatized and operating through these various compartments, they have no memory of events that had occured previously, and therefore they don't know to be tired, and endurance is increased tremendously in a person suffering from Dissociative Identity Disorder.
Likewise, a person develops 44 times visual acuity.  I believe it is an effort to see things before they happen, in an effort to see the trauma before it actually occurs, and the eyes are open wide, and it's as though the victims develop eyes in the back of their heads.  44 times visual acuity means that a person so trained would be able to shoot and never miss their mark.  They would never miss their target, because with that kind of visual acuity they are far more apt to be able to see and to aim and to shoot, and therefore Dissociative Identity Disordered persons were targeted themselves for mind control for military operations, for military intelligence, mercenary operations, paramilitary operations, and espionage.
I was never trained in that particular area because I was being raised as a sex slave.  I was being raised to carry out and fulfill the perversions of certain politicians in control of our country.  And they certainly didn't want someone who was being prostituted to politicians to even know how to shoot a gun.
I also learned at Mackinac Island Michigan about the Catholic's involvement in mind control.  Now this is certainly not to say that all Catholics are bad.  Not any more than I'm saying that all CIA is bad.  I've since learned that seems to be a criminal faction running through most aspects of our society, and it was my experience, having come from a predominantly Catholic area and being raised a Catholic, that I was subjected to the Catholic aspects of mind control.  At that time, then Prime Minister of Canada, Pierre Trudeau, who claims publicly to be Jesuit, was very much interested in mind control, was interested in mind control of the masses.  He was a part of that intelligence arm of the Vatican that was interested in becoming the one world church in the New World Order.  I heard many conversations pertaining to how criminal covert activity is going on in this country and around the world, would be funneled through the Catholic Church and designated immune, for implementing what Adolph Hitler and George Bush term "New World Order."
It was around that time, 1966 to be exact, that I made first communion at our local Catholic Church, Muskegon St. Francis de Salles.  At that time, Father Don was the head of our church, and was bringing mind control in on a mass scale.  I'm sure many of you all know the Catholics have been sued for vast amountsof money for child abuse proliferated in the church.  And this is one reason why.  In 1966, after I made my first communion, I was subjected to what was termed "The Rite To Remain Silent."  That's R-I-T-E, as in ritual.  And I was subjected to an occult ritual.  Occultism is of course a reversal of the Catholic Mass, and this was in keeping with that "reverse psychology" that my father learned.  This was in keeping with the language of the subconscious, and this was in keeping with the incomprehensible.
At that time, VanderJagt came in and joined Father Don in exposing me to a blood trauma that was so horrific to me that it just blew my mind.  When this happened, they used the hypnotic language, the language of the subconscious, to manipulate my subconscious in such a way that I lost control of my own switching processes at that time.
In other words, that compartmentalization that I was talking about, like where I had that compartment that would deal with my father's sexual abuse, as needed.  I no longer had the ability to switch into that compartment that dealt with his abuse.  I completely lost that ability with the "Rite To Remain Silent."  Instead, they placed a series of hypnotic codes, keys and triggers in place of my natural switching mechanism, so that they could decide when, where and how that particular compartment of my brain could be accessed.  That way, when I was programmed later on with specific government messages, and with specific perversion that I was forced to carry out, that they would decide when and how it would be accessed, by using those codes, keys and triggers to access that part of my brain.
After this "Rite to Remain Silent," I no longer heard voices in my head, which really was my own voice, because I used to make decisions by pulling from different compartments and perspectives of my brain, and trying to forumulate a decision by arguing back and forth to make the decision.  After the "Rite to Remain Silent," it was silent.  All I heard from then on were the voices of my abusers telling me exactly what it was I was supposed to do.  I had no ability to express any free will at all after that, and I certainly would not have participated in any of these events that I was forced to participate in of my own free will.
After this "Rite to Remain Silent," I was exposed to and dedicated to who would become my owner in the MKUltra project, U.S. Senator Robert C. Byrd.  Senator Byrd had been in office as long as I had been alive.  He's still in office today.  He's head of our Senate Appropriations Committee.  He's holding our country's purse strings, and his agenda is for New World Order control, and has nothing to do with the constitutional values and freedoms that we've enjoyed in this country.
As my owner, Senator Byrd would decide where I would be taken, for what purposes, and how I would be programmed.  He decided which various military and NASA installations I would be taken to for sophisticated mind control programming, and later on, throughout the Reagan/Bush administration, it was Senator Byrd who decided what criminal covert operations I would be forced to participate in.
Senator Byrd was extremely brutal in his perversions, which further compartmentalized my memory of the horrors that I was experiencing and being subjected to.  One of the first things that Senator Byrd ordered was that I be sent to Muskegon Catholic Central High School.  At Muskegon Catholic Central, the groundwork for the Outcome Based Education was already in full swing.  They were testing the effects of trauma on the human mind, because it was my understanding, from everything that I heard and experienced, that the Catholics had long since learned the effects of trauma on the human mind, through such things as the Spanish Inquisition.  They have been gathering information for centuries.  And they were taking that knowledge, that certain criminal faction within the church that needs to be exposed and taken out of the Catholic Church.  They had gathered up information and combined it with the information that the CIA had gathered through the Hitler/Himmler genetic mind control research.  Together, it was very powerful mind control information.  It was extremely effective.
At Catholic Central, I was subjected to occult rituals during school hours, as were many others who attended Catholic Central.  As a result, I was photographically recording everything that I learned in school.  I got straight A's in school.  I was doing excellent, but yet I wasn't comprehending anything.  I didn't know how to use the different knowledge I was gaining.  But, nevertheless, my brain was being packed in full of knowledge because of the trauma that I was enduring.
It was while I was in Catholic Central that Gerald Ford went into the office of President.  This furthered what I had been conditioned to believe: that I had no place to run and no place to hide.  Of course, since then, since I've been deprogrammed, I know I do have a place to run, and it's right at them.  And I'm not the one with anything to hide.  They're the ones who are hiding their secrets under this cloak of so-called "national security."  But, nevertheless, that then was absolutely devastating to me because I sensed, I really couldn't think or rationalize, but yet I sensed that the whole world condoned child abuse, that the whole world was somehow involved in this, and that I'd long since lost my hope that there was a place in the world where good people even existed.
I truly felt that there was no place to turn to or run for help.  Who was I to run to?  My parents?  The church?  My school?  Local politicians?  Now I knew I couldn't even turn to the President of the United States.  I felt totally trapped in mind control, which is exactly what they want, because the more helpless I felt, the more control that they had.
In 1977, Senator Byrd ordered that I be transferred to Nashville, Tennessee.  In Nashville, Tennessee, mind control was in full swing.  The CIA operations that were being to run through the country music industry.  Drugs were being distributed throughout the country, particularly cocaine.  And the proceeds were going into the CIA's "black budget."  This was funding New World Order control.  Even now I wonder at how we could have any kind of a national debt, when I know that all the money that was being generated in this country was being used to fund these New World Order controls.  If we had access to the money that was being used against us, we wouldn't have any national debt.
Yet the country music industry was very much a part of the CIA's criminal covert operations at that time, and Senator Byrd had strong connections into Nashville Tennessee because he fancied himself an entertainer of sorts.  He fancied himself a fiddler.  Even though he was from West Virginia, he was a Nashville (unintelligible) that he'd fiddle on the Grand Old Opry.  On the occasions that I was sent to Nashville, Senator Byrd was fiddling on the Opry.
At that time, there was a musician playing music behind him named Wayne Cox.  Later, Wayne Cox told me that musically wasn't the only way that he also backed Senator Byrd, but that he backed him politically as well.  Wayne Cox subjected me to an occult ritual during which I was so traumatized that my suggestible mind accepted the program that Wayne Cox would become my first handler in this CIA MK Ultra project.  As my handler, Wayne Cox would follow orders from Senator Byrd, to make sure that I was at designated places at specific times for whatever purposes Senator Byrd ordered.
The first thing that happened is I was taken to Wayne Cox's home state, to Chatham Louisiana.  Senator Byrd wanted Wayne Cox to become my first handler because he knew that I would be subjected to further trauma.  Senator Byrd wanted more compartments developed in my brain.  He wanted more compartments to be programmed for the criminal covert operations that I would be forced to participate in.  And therefore I was subjected to numerous occult rituals.  This manipulated me by my religion, and made me feel totally hopeless in what was going on.
Wayne Cox was using trauma to trigger other mercenaries into operation at that time, because in the state of Louisiana, under the direction of Louisiana Senator J. Bennett Johnston, there was a mercenary operation in full swing.  And these mercenaries had all been Dissociative Identity Disorder children who had been targeted by the CIA for mercenary purposes.  They had been trained to carry out these secret operations, and to keep the secret within the compartments of their brain.  J. Bennett Johnston was directing them.  And Wayne Cox, under the direction of J. Bennett Johnston, would go and trigger through trauma these mercenaries into operation while delivering J. Bennett Johnston's orders.
By 1978, it was determined that I had endured sufficient trauma to be programmed on a more sophisticated level, and J. Bennett Johnston took to me Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma.  It was there that I endured the first extensive military mind control programming that would force me to participate in a trial run operation.  At that time, J. Bennett Johnston was sending the mercenaries into South America, and he firmly believed that when the airplanes went to South America with the mercenaries, that they should not come back empty.  Therefore, the airplanes were coming back full of cocaine, that would further fund the CIA's criminal covert operations, and usher in the New World Order.
I was programmed to deliver a large quantity of cocaine from the state of Louisiana into the neighboring state of Arkansas.  I took a large quantity to a remote airport in Ouachita Forest, which I have since identified as Mena Airport.  It was 1978.  Bill Clinton was governor of Arkansas.  After delivering that large amount of cocaine, I delivered a personal stash of cocaine, as ordered by J. Bennett Johnston, along with a message from him and a packet of information.  At that time, I witnessed Bill Clinton snorting two lines of cocaine.  Yes, he did inhale.
This was not the last time I would be exposed to Bill Clinton.  I would know him throughout the 1980's, throughout my victimization, until my rescue and my daughter's rescue in 1988.
My sexual experience with Bill Clinton was extremely limited, because it was my experience that Bill Clinton is bisexual, leaning far more toward the homosexual end.  It is for that reason that we can consider why Bill Clinton ordered, this year, in the Outcome Based Education system, that our children have to endure a "Gay Celebration Month."  Throughout the month of October, our children were taught all the glories of homosexuality because of Bill Clinton.  This wasn't "Gay Awareness." This was gay celebration.
I have witnessed Bill Clinton involved in homosexual activity, and it was Hillary who accessed my mind control programming as a sex slave, and used my sex programming.  It was my experience that Hillary, too, leans far more toward homosexuality.
J. Bennett Johnston, back in Louisiana, was still traumatizing my mind, and confusing my mind.  He told me he was an alien.  That was pretty easy for me to believe!  What he was doing certainly was alien to my (unintelligible.)  He told me the story about how he had been  part of the Philadelphia Experiment.  He said when the ship disappeared, it came back a spaceship.  At that time he took me through a high security area of General Dynamics and showed me the then top secret Stealth Fighter.  I mean, here it was, the triangular Stealth Fighter, that I hadn't learned anything about in my text books or read about in the newspapers.  It was still classified.  I saw this triangular technology, and I truly believed it was a spaceship.  I truly believed that J. Bennett Johnston was an alien.  I tell you this because I know for a fact that those in control of our government will go to any length to make all of us feel totally helpless.
Technologically, they are 25 years ahead of us.  They are 25 years ahead of us in information, because they have been using that blanket of national security for a long time to withhold information from all of us.  You can imagine what has happened over the last 25 years technologically, what those advances are: computers, microwave ovens, all the things that are in our households in the last 25 years, and consider that they in Washington are at least 25 years ahead of anything we know technologically.  In order to make us feel helpless, it is their plan to reveal some of that technology, and claim an alien invasion has occurred.  This certainly isn't to say there aren't any aliens.  Just because it wasn't my experience doesn't mean that it there aren't any.  But in order for us to have the accurate information, we need to know what government misinformation is being planned for all of us, and how we are all being conditioned to feel totally helpless, and surrender to New World Order control.  That is the plan.
My abusers always claimed to be aliens or demons or gods, something that I thought was beyond my realm to effect.  And I am here to tell you all now that they are just people, and they are subject to the same laws that the rest of us are, and this criminal activity that they are proliferating behind their blanket of national security has got to be exposed.  By shining the proverbial spotlight of truth on their criminal activities, they will have to flee.
By 1980, my daughter Kelly was born.  She was born right into the MK Ultra mind control project, on a much more sophisticated, high tech level of victimization than I had ever been subjected to as a child.  The technology had advanced.  Kelly was exposed to harmonic mind control programming at NASA installations and military installations literally since birth.
When I was just a little girl, way before that "Right to Remain Silent," back when I had a free thought to myself on occasion, I thought how wonderful it would be to have ten children.  Because (unintelligible) number, but I also felt like that would be ten children in this world that I knew would not be abused.  I didn't believe in child abuse.  And yet, by the time my daughter Kelly was born, I had no ability to prevent her abuse.  I certainly didn't contribute to it in any way, but I couldn't think to prevent it.  I couldn't think to stop what was happening (unintelligible).  My own survival instincts had long since deteriorated.  So instead they would use my daughter, Kelly, to manipulate me by my maternal instincts, and for the rest of our mind control victimization, I carried out every criminal covert operation that I was forced to participate in as though Kelly's life depended on it, because I truly believed that it did.
As soon as Kelly was born, Senator Byrd ordered that we be transferred back to Nashville, Tennessee, where we would be under the control of our second mind control handler, Alex Houston.  Alex Houston was the stage hypnotist and ventriloquist in the country music industry that Mark referred to earlier.  Alex Houston would provide a means of Kelly and I traveling throughout the United States to various military and NASA installations for mind control programming, in and out of Washington DC, into Canada, throughout Mexico, and throughout the Caribbean.
The country music industry would provide the perfect cover because I dressed like a prostitute and I acted like a total air head, and people tended to think that was probably the norm for the life of a country music entertainer.  That was the public image that was protected.
When Senator Byrd ordered that Kelly and I were taken in for mind control programming, we were subjected to sophisticated mind control programming by our primary mind controller at that time, programmer, Lt. Col. Michael Aquino.  This is the Lt. Colonel of the psychological warfare division, and founder of the occult Temple of Set, that is proliferating on our military bases.  The same Lt. Col. Michael Aquino that is named in the Presidio daycare scandal.
He uses occultism as a trauma base for mind control, and it is my experience that his satanic power was in the form of a stun gun.  This high voltage stun gun was used in conjunction with sleep, food and water deprivation, to compartmentalize memory of programs into my child's brain.  He knew that this method of mind control would be sufficient for carrying out government operations.
In 1983, Senator Byrd ordered that I attend a White House cocktail party, and he acted in the capacity of a pimp, and prostituted me to then president Ronald Reagan.  Ronald Reagan, as you all well know, is an actor, and he was acting to create an illusion of something entirely different to the American populace, while behind the scenes he was very much involved in implementing New World Order controls and eroding our constitutional values.
I heard Ronald Reagan say to then Prime Minister Brian Mulroney of Canada, who was also involved in this New World Order effort, that he believed the only way to world piece was through mind control of the masses.  I know from personal experience that there can be no peace of mind under mind control, and I wonder what kind of a world peace could we possibly have with people that have no peace of mind?  Since I wasn't in control of my own mind, I had no free will, and without a free will, I had no ability to express soul.  I had no ability to express spirituality, and I am deeply concerned for a plan of mind control of the masses, and deeply concerned for the plan for a totally robotic society for the purposes of world peace?  It certainly isn't my definition of peace, and certainly is one more reason why it is so imperative that all of you know what mind control entails, so you can think about it and take action now, while there is still time.
At that point in time, I also heard Senator Byrd talking about how he was counting on the American populace to do absolutely nothing about all of this.  Because he said good people don't think to look for criminal activity.  Good people don't have criminal minds and they don't think criminally, and therefore when we have something put in front of us like "world peace," something that we all hold so precious and dear, we're not apt to look behind that, at what the reality is behind the scenes, and they were counting on good people to do absolutely nothing and to assume absolutely nothing.
Once again they were wrong, because I am seeing all across this country where people are gathering, sharing information, absolutely disgusted by the way their churches are being infiltrated with occultism, by the way their children are being abused horribly, sexually, in the churches, in the day cares.  They are appalled at the way the so-called "war on drugs," which in essence is no more than the CIA eliminating their competition, has been brought to our street corners, and our streets have been turned into a bloodbath.
The erosion of constitutional values and morality in this country have reached such proportions that people are beginning to ask questions.  And as we begin to ask questions, we must provide them with specific details, so we can be more effective in taking back our country.
During the 1980s, I was forced to work under President Reagan's Secretary of Education, Bill Bennett.  Bill Bennett publicly claims to be a Jesuit, but he does not define the faction of the Jesuit Order that he is talking about.  He, along with Lamar Alexander, who is also a victimizer in all of this mess, are responsible for bringing the Outcome Based Education into our school system.  The Outcome Based Education was designed to increase our children's learning capacity, while decreasing their ability to critically analyze.  By decreasing their ability to critically analyze, they will readily accept information.  And I'm seeing now where people all across the country are absolutely upset with the way that they send their children to school, and their children come home completely different and robotic, completely different from anything that they recognize, with values of Socialism and New World Order control.
Home schooling has become the norm in this country.  Senator Byrd has said that he would withhold funding to the various states until it reached a point where state governments would be reliant on the federal government to come in and help them with the education system.  This year, every state in the United States accepted the Outcome Based Education financing, because they were told it was the only way they could receive any federal funding or any grant money.  Every state in the United States accepted Outcome Based Education but one.  One governor said the federal government has no business meddling with our children's minds, and that is Fob James Jr. of Alabama.  I applaud him for having the (unintelligible.)
This Outcome Based Education is a very serious problem for all of us, and it's setting the groundwork of controlling the minds of our children for New World Order control, which is exactly what Adolf Hitler said in 1936.  He said he didn't care who didn't want to accept the New World Order, because he had the minds of the children.  I have heard it discussed in Washington D.C. how they believe that they can control the future by controlling our children.  We must be alert to what is happening in our school systems.  It is said that the price of freedom is eternal vigilance.  We must be vigilant with this last freedom that we've got - freedom of thought.
Throughout the eighties, I was forced to participate in the CIA's so-called "war on drugs," and mule copious quantities of drugs into this country against my will, and I want you all to know that our government is involved in that erosion of our morality and that erosion of our society.
In 1988, Mark Phillips rescued my daughter Kelly and I.  I certainly couldn't think to escape our mind controlled system.  He rescued us and took us to the safety and serenity of Alaska, and it was there that we were safe for the first time in our lives, and the memories began flashing across our mind's screen.  And as these memories flashed, I became enraged.  Enraged at all the years that had been taken from me.  Enraged at the federal covert operations I was forced to participate in against my will.  I was enraged at what had been done to my daughter, and I was enraged at what the plan was for New World Order controls on all of us.
This rage was absolutely blinding me from any recovery.  It was totally immobilizing, were it not for Mark's wisdom in telling me that recovery is the best revenge.  And the best way to recover my memory and my mind was through using logic.  And the best way to logically deal with what happened was to write out my memories of those events rather than verbalize them.  By writing out these memories, I used a portion of my brain that bypassed emotions.  Having a new conscious awareness, and having this kind of logic brought into the deprogramming process, I was finally able to question, to reason, to critically analyze, and to begin to finally understand the incomprehensible.  As fast as their information was deprogrammed, it was verified by concerned members of law enforcement, the intelligence community, and members and factions of our government.  This information was disseminated widely and vastly, because we knew that by not keeping any secrets, that we could survive, to reach this point in telling you all exactly what's going on behind the scenes in our government.
It's a fact that 95% of the people are led by 5%.  This really holds pretty much true, because not everybody can accept this information or act on this information, or even wants to hear it.  All we need is 3% of that 5% to be back in control of our country.  That's a small number, but we've got to get this information out.  We have got to spread this information as far and fast as we can.
My daughter Kelly was not so fortunate.  Through a series of events, she ended up in the custody of the State of Tennessee, where she remains a political prisoner today.  She was 8 years old when Mark rescued she and I, and she enjoyed one year of family love and a loving relationship.  Mark and I fell in love throughout this process, and I feel extremely fortunate to have found the kind of love that most people spend a lifetime looking for and seldom ever find.  But we have got a beautiful, loving relationship, which gave Kelly a view of life that she has never experienced before.  And this is the hope that she maintains, waiting, while she is locked up in a political prisoner environment, where she is denied rehabilitation, due to who and what she knows is involved in MK Ultra.
It certainly raises the question, what "national security" has to do with the rape and molestation of innocent children's minds and bodies.  Because the violations of laws and rights continue to proliferate in Kelly's so-called "legal case" is all happening under a blanket of so-called "national security."  This is a national security that is threatening the security of our nation, when it covers such crimes as child abuse, political perversion, the CIA's involvement in drugs, manipulation of our children's minds through Outcome Based Education, and exactly what mind control is.
For this reason, Mark and I went to tremendous lengths to circumvent any national security censorship, and self published our book, "Trance Formation of America," that provided far more detail than I could give you tonight, in order that you could be armed with sufficient information that you have a right to know, so that we can all be far more effective in our efforts to take back our streets, to take back our churches, to take back our schools, to take back our country, and to take back our world.  It is truth that sets us free.  Please help us to spread this word.  Thank you.
(This concludes Cathy O'Brien's portion of the presentation.)


PROJECT MKULTRA, THE CIA'S PROGRAM OF RESEARCH IN BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATION

JOINT HEARING BEFORE THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE

AND THE

SUBCOMMITTEE ON HEALTH AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON HUMAN RESOURCES UNITED STATES SENATE

NINETY-FIFTH CONGRESS

FIRST SESSION AUGUST 3, 1977

Printed for the use of the Select Committee on Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources

PROJECT MKULTRA, THE CIA'S PROGRAM OF RESEARCH INBEHAVIORAL MODIFICATION

JOINT HEARING

BEFORE THE

SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE

AND THE

SUBCOMMITTEE ON HEALTH AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON HUMAN RESOURCES UNITED STATES SENATE

NINETY-FIFTH CONGRESS

FIRST SESSION

AUGUST 3, 1977

Printed for the use of the Select Committee on Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 96-4080 WASHINGTON : 1977

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C., 20402 Stock No. 052-070-04357-1

SENATE SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE

(Established by S. Res. 400, 94th Cong., 2d sess.)

DANIEL K. INOUYE, Hawaii, Chairman BARRY GOLDWATER, Arizona, Vice Chairman

BIRCH BAYH, Indiana CLIFFORD P. CAISE, New Jersey ADLAI E. STEVENSON, Illinois JAKE GARN, Utah WILLIAM D. HATHAWAY, Maine CHARLES MCC. MATHIAS, JR., Maryland WALTER D. HUDDLESTON, Kentucky JAMES B. PEARSON, Kansas

JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR., Delaware JOHN H. CHAFEE, Rhode Island ROBERT MORGAN, North Carolina RICHARD G. LUGAR, Indiana GARY HART, Colorado MALCOLM WALLOP, Wyoming

DANIEL PATRICK MOYNIHAN, New York

ROBERT C. BYRD, West Virginia, Ex Officio fember. HOWARD H. BAKER, JR., Tennessee, Ex Officio Member

WILLIAM G. MILLER, Staff Director EARL D. EISENHOWER, Minority Staff Director AUDREY H. HATRY, Chief Clerk

COMMITTEE ON HUMAN RESOURCES

HARRISON A. WILLIAMS Ja., New Jersey, Chairman

JENNINGS RANDOLPH, West Virginia JACOB K. JAVITS, New York 'CLAIBORNE PELL, Rhode Island RICHARD S. S'CHWEIKER, Pennsylvania EDWARD M. KENNEDY, Massachusetts ROBERT T. STAFFORD, Vermont GAYLORD NELSON, Wisconsin-ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah THOMAS F. EAGLETON, Missouri JOHN H. CHAPEE, Rhode Island ALAN CRANSTON, California S. I. HAYAKAWA, California WILLIAM D. HATHAWAY, Maine DONALD W. RIEGLE, Michigan S.,

STEPHEN J. PARADISE, General Counsel and Staff Director MARJORIE M. WHITTAKER, Chief Clerk DON A. ZIMMERMAN, Minority Counsel

SUBCOMMITTEE ON HEALTH AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

EDWARD M. KENNEDY, Massachusetts, Chairman

RICHARD S. SCHWEIKER, Pennsylvania GAYLORD NELSON, Wisconsin JACOB K. JAVITS, New York WILLIAM D. HATHAWAY, Maine JOHN H. iCHAFEE, Rhode Island

HARRISON A. WILLIAMS, JR., New Jersey (ex officlio)

CLAIBORNE PELL, Rhode Island

LAWRENCE HOROWITZ, ProfessionalStaff Member DAVID WINSTON, Minority Counsel

CONTESTS

Statements of: Page Admiral Stansfield Turner, Director, Central Intelligence Agency; accompanied by; Frank Laubinger, Office of Technical Services, Central Intelligence Agency; Al Brody, Office of Inspector General, Central Intelligence Agency; Ernest Mayerfield, Office of General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, and George Cary, Legislative Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency ----------------------------8 Philip Goldman, former employee, Central Intelligence Agency-------50 John Gittinger, former employee, Central Intelligence Agency ---------51

Appendix A.-XVII. Testing and Use of Chemical and Biological Agents by the Intelligence Community-----------------------------------65 Appendix B.-Documents Referring to Discovery of Additional MKULTRA Material -------------------------------------------------------103 Appendix C.-Documents Referring to Subprojects ---------------------109

Material Submitted for the Record: . Psychological Assessments----------------------------------------17 "Truth" Drugs in Interrogation -----------------------------------25 Construction of Gorman Annex---------------------------39 Subproject 54---------------------------------------------------41 Drug Testing in Foreign Countries ------------43 MKSEARCH, OFTEN/CHICKWIT -------------------------------169 Employees Terminated Because of Their Participation in MKULTRA Subproject 3 --------------------------------------------------170 QKHILLTOP Definition -----------------------------------------171

PROJECT MKULTRA, THE CIA'S PROGRAM OF RESEARCH IN BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATION

WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 3, 1977

U.S. SENATE, SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE, AND SUBCOMIrrTEE ON HEALTH AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

OF THE COMMITTEE ON HUMAN RESOURGES,

Washington, D.C.

The committees met, pursuant to notice, at 9:07 a.m. in room 1202, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Senator Daniel K. Inouye-(chairman of the Select Committee on Intelligence) presiding.

Present: Senators Inouye (presiding), Kennedy, Goldwater, Bayh, Hathaway, Huddleston, Hart, Schweiker, Case, Garn, Chafee, Lugar and Wallop.

Also present: William G. Miller, staff director, Select Committee on Intelligence; Dr. Lawrence Horowitz, staff director, Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research; and professional staff members of both committees.

Senator INOUYE. The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence is meeting today and is joined by the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research chaired by Senator Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts and Senator Richard Schweiker of Pennsylvania. Senator Hathaway and Senator Chafee are members of both committees. We are to hear testimony from the Director of Central Intelligence, Adm. Stansfield Turner, and from other Agency witnesses on issues concerning new documents supplied to the committee in the last week on drug testing conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency.

It should be made clear from the outset that in general, we are

focusing on events that happened over 12 or as long as 25 years ago. It should be emphasized that the programs that are of greatest concern have stopped and that we are reviewing these past events in order to better understand what statutes and other guidelines might be necessary to prevent the recurrence of such abuses in the future. We also need to know and understand what is now being done by the CIA in the field of behavioral research to be certain that no current abuses are occurring.

I want to commend Admiral Turner for his full cooperation with this committee and with the Subcommittee on Health in recognizing that this issue needed our attention. The CIA has assisted our committees and staffs in their investigative efforts and in arriving at remedies which will serve the best interests of our country.

The reappearance of reports of the abuses of the drug testing program. and reports of other previously unknown drug programs and projects for behavioral control underline the necessity for effective oversight procedures both in the executive branch and in the Congress. The Select Committee on Intelligence has been working very closely with President Carter, the Vice President, and Admiral Turner and his associates in developing basic concepts for statutory guidelines which will govern all activities of the intelligence agencies of the United States.

In fact, it is my expectation that the President will soon announce his decisions on how he has decided the intelligence agencies of the United States shall be organized. This committee will be working closely with the President and Admiral Turner in placing this new structure under the law and to develop effective oversight procedures.

It is clear that effective oversight requires that information must be full and forthcoming. Full and timely information is obviously necessary if the committee and the public is to be confident that any transgressions can be dealt with quickly and forcefully.

One purpose of this hearing is to give the committee and the public an understanding of what new information has been discovered that adds to the knowledge already available from previous Church and Kennedy inquiries, and to hear the reasons why these documents were not available to the Church and Kennedy committees. It is also the purpose of this hearing to address the issues raised by any additional illegal or improper activities that have emerged from the files and to develop remedies to prevent such improper activities from occurring again.

Finally, there is an obligation on the part of both this committee and the CIA to make every effort to help those individuals or institutions that may have been harmed by any of these improper or illegal activities. I am certain that Admiral Turner will work with this committee to see that this will be done.

I would now like to welcome the most distinguished Senator from Massachusetts, the chairman of the Health Subcommittee, Senator Kennedy.

Senator KENNEDY. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. We are delighted to join together in this very important area of public inquiry and public interest.

Some 2 years ago, the Senate Health Subcommittee heard chilling testimony about the human experimentation activities of the Central Intelligence Agency. The Deputy Director of the CIA revealed that over 30 universities and institutions were involved in an "extensive testing and experimentation" program which included covert drug tests on unwitting citizens "at all social levels, high and low, native Americans and foreign." Several of these tests involved the administration of LSD to "unwitting subjects in social situations."

At least one death, that of Dr. Olsen, resulted from these activities. The Afrency itself acknowledged that these tests made little scientific sense. The agents doing the monitoring were not qualified scientific observers. The test subjects were seldom accessible beyond the first hours of the test. In a number of instances, the test subject became ill for hours or days, and effective followup was impossible.

Other experiments were equally offensive. For example, heroin addicts were enticed into participating in LSD experiments in order to get a reward-heroin.

Perhaps most disturbing of all was the fact that the extent of experimentation on human subjects was unknown. The records of all these activities were destroyed in January 1973, at the instruction of then CIA Director Richard Helms. In spite of persistent inquiries by both the Health Subcommittee and the Intelligence Committee, no additional records or information were forthcoming. And no one- no single individual--could be found who remembered the details, not the Director of the CIA, who ordered the documents destroyed, not the official responsible for the program, nor any of his associates.

We believed that the record, incomplete as it was, was as complete as it was going to be. Then one individual, through a Freedom of Information request, accomplished what two U.S. Senate committees could not. He spurred the agency into finding additional records pertaining to the CIA's program of experimentation with human subjects. These new records were discovered by the agency in March. Their existence was not made known to the Congress until July.

The records reveal a far more extensive series of experiments than had previously been thought. Eighty-six universities or institutions were involved. NeV instances of unethical behavior were revealed.

The intelligence community of this Nation, which requires a shroud of secrecy in order to operate, has a very sacred trust from the American people. The CIA's program of human experimentation of the fifties and sixties violated that trust. It was violated again on the day the bulk of the agency's records were destroyed in 1973. It is violated each time a responsible official refuses to recollect the details of the program. The best safeguard against abuses in the future is a complete public accounting of the abuses of the past.

I think this is illustrated, as Chairman Inouye pointed out. These are issues, are questions that happened in the fifties and sixties, and go back some 15, 20 years ago, but they are front page news today, as we see in the major newspapers and on the television and in the media of this country; and the reason they are, I think, is because it just continuously begins to trickle out. sort of, month after month, and the best way to put this period behind us, obviously, is to have the full information, and I think that is the desire of Admiral Turner and of the members of this committee.

The Central Intelligence Agency drugged American citizens without their knowledge or consent. It used university facilities and personnel without their knowledge. It funded leading researchers, often without their knowledge.

These institutes, these individuals, have a right to know who they are and how and when they were used. As of today, the Agency itself refuses to declassify the names of those institutions and individuals, quite appropriately, I might say, with regard to the individuals under the Privacy Act. It seems to me to be a fundamental responsibility to notify those individuals or institutions, rather. I think many of them were caught up in an unwitting manner to do research for the Agency. Many researchers, distinguished researchers, some of our most outstanding members of our scientific community, involved in

this network, now really do not know whether they were involved or not, and it seems to me that the whole health and climate in terms of our university and our scientific and health facilities are entitled to that response.

So, I intend to do all I can to persuade the Agency to, at the very least, officially inform those institutions and individuals involved.

Two years ago, when these abuses were first revealed, I introduced legislation, with Senator Schweiker and Senator Javits, designed to minimize the potential for any similar abuses in the future. That legislation expanded the jurisdiction of the National Commission on Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research to cover all federally funded research involving human subjects. The research initially was just directed toward HEW activities, but this legislation covered DOD as well as the CIA.

This Nation has a biomedical and behavioral research capability second to none. It has had for subjects of HEW funded research for the past 3 years a system for the protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research second to none, and the Human Experimentation Commission has proven its value. Today's hearings and the record already established underscore the need to expand its jurisdiction.

The CIA supported that legislation in 1975, and it passed the Senate unanimously last year. I believe it is needed in order to assure all our people that they will have the degree of protection in.human experimentation that they deserve and have every right to expect.

Senator INOUITE. Thank you very much. Now we will proceed with the hearings.. Admiral Turner?

[The prepared statement of Admiral Turner follows:]

PREPARED STATEMENT OF ADMIRAL STANSFIELD TURNER, DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE

Mr. Chairman: In my letter to you of July 15, 1977, I reported our recent discovery of seven boxes of documents related to Project MKULTRA, a closely held CIA project conducted from 1953-1964. As you may recall, MKULTRA was an "umbrella project" under which certain sensitive subprojects were funded, involving among other things research on drugs and behavioral modification. During the Rockefeller Commission and Church Committee investigations in 1975, the cryptonym became publicly known when details of the drug-related death of Dr. Frank Olson were publicized. In 1953 Dr. Olson, a civilian employee of the Army at Fort Detrick, leaped to his death from a hotel room window in New York City about a week after having unwittingly consumed LSD administered to him as an experiment at a meeting of LSD researchers called by CIA.

Most of what was known about the Agency's involvement with behavioral drugs during the investigations in 1975 was contained in a report on Project MKULTRA prepared by the Inspector General's office in 1963. As a result of that report's recommendations, unwitting testing of drugs on U.S. citizens was subsequently discontinued. The MKULTRA-related report was made available to the Church Committee investigators and to the staff of Senator Kennedy's Subcommittee on Health. Until the recent discovery, it was believed that all of the MKULTRA files dealing with behavioral modification had been destroyed in 1973 on the orders of the then retiring Chief of the Office of Technical Service, with the authorization of the then DCI, as has been previously reported. Almost all of the people who had had any connection with the aspects of the project which interested Senate investigators in 1975 were no longer with the Agency at that time. Thus, there was little detailed knowledge of the 1IKULTRA subprojects available to CIA during the Church Committee investigations. This lack of available details, moreover, was probably not wholly attributable to the

destruction of MKULTRA files in 1973; the 1963 report on MKULTRA by the Inspector General notes on page 14: "Present practice is to maintain no records of the planning and approval of test programs."

When I reported to you last on this matter, my staff had not yet had an opportunity to review the newly located material in depth. This has now been

accomplished, and I am in a position to give you a description of the contents of

the recovered material. I believe you will be most interested in the following

aspects of the recent discovery:

How the material was discovered and why it was not previously found;

The nature of this recently located material;

How much new information there is in the material which may not have

been previously known and reported to Senate investigators; and

What we believe the most significant aspects of this find to be.

To begin, as to how we discovered these materials. The material had been sent to our Retired Records Center outside of Washington and was discovered there as a result of the extensive search efforts of an employee charged with responsibility for maintaining our holdings on behavioral drugs and for responding to Freedom of Information Act requests on this subject. During the Church Committee investigation in 1975, searches for MKULTRA-related material were made by examining both the active and retired records of all branches of CIA considered at all likely to have had association with MKULTRA documents. The retired records of the Budget and Fiscal Section of the Branch responsible for such work were not searched, however. This was because financial papers associated with sensitive projects such as MKULTRA were normally maintained by the Branch itself under the project file, not by the Budget and Fiscal Section. In the case at hand, however, the newly located material was sent to the Retired Records Center in 1970 by the Budget and Fiscal Section as part of its own retired holdings. The reason for this departure from normal procedure is not known. As a result of it, however, the material escaped retrieval and destruction in 1973 by the then-retiring Director of the Office as well as discovery in 1975 by CIA officials responding to Senate investigators.

The employee who located this material did so by leaving no stone unturned in his efforts to respond to FOIA requests. He reviewed all listings of material of this Branch stored at the Retired Records Center, including those of the Budget and Fiscal Section and, thus, discovered the MKULTRA-related docuinents which had been missed in the previous searches. In sum, the Agency failed to uncover these particular documents in 1973 in the process of attempting to destroy them; it similarly failed to locate them in 1975 in response to the Church Committee hearings. I am convinced that there was no attempt to conceal this material during the earlier searches.

Next, as to the nature of the recently located material, it is important to realize that the recovered folders are finance folders. The bulk of the material in them consists of approvals for advance of funds, vouchers, accountings, and the like-most of which are not very informative as to the nature of the activities that were undertaken. Occasional project proposals or memoranda commenting on some aspect of a subproject are scattered throughout this material. In general, however, the recovered material does not include status reports or other documents relating to operational considerations or progress in the various subprojects, though some elaboration of the activities contemplated does appear. The recovered documents fall roughly into three categories:

First, there are 149 MKULTRA subprojects, many of which appear to have

some connection with research into behavioral modification, drug acquisition

and testing or administering drugs surreptitiously.

Second, there are two boxes of miscellaneous MKULTRA papers, including

audit reports and financial statements from "cut-out" (i.e., intermediary)

funding mechanisms used to conceal CIA's sponsorship of various research

projects.

Finally, there are 33 additional subprojects concerning certain intelligence

activities previously funded under MKULTRA which have nothing to do

either with behavioral modification, drugs, and toxins or with any other re

lated matters.

We have attempted to group the activities covered by the 149 subprojects into categories under descriptive headings. In broad outline, at least, this presents the contents of these files. The activities are placed in the following 15 categories:

6

1. Research into the effects of behavioral drugs and/or alcohol: 17 subprojects probably not involving human testing; 14 subprojects definitely involving tests on human volunteers; 19 subprojects probably including tests on human volunteers. While not known, some of these subprojects may have included tests on unwitting subjects as well; 6 subprojects involving tests on unwitting subjects.

2. Research on hypnosis: 8 subprojects, including 2 involving hypnosis and drugs in combination.' 3. Acquisition of chemicals or drugs: 7 subprojects. 4. Aspects of magicians' art useful in covert operatibns: e.g., surreptitious delivery of drug-related materials: 4 subprojects. 5. Studies of human behavior, sleep research, and behavioral changes during psychotherapy: 9 subprojects. 6. Library searches and attendance at seminars and international conferences on behavioral modification: 6 subprojects. 7. Motivational studies, studies of defectors, assessment, and training techniques: 23 subprojects. 8. Polygraph research : 3 subprojects. 9. Funding mechanisms for MKULTRA external research activities: 3 subprojects. 10. Research on drugs, toxins, and biologicals in human tissue; provision of exotic pathogens and the capability to incorporate them in effective delivery systems: 6 subprojects. 11. Activities whose objectives cannot be determined from available documentation : 3 subprojects. 12. Subprojects involving funding support for unspecified activities connected with the Army's Special Operations Division at Ft. Detrick, Md. This activity is outline in Book I of the Church Oommittee Report, pp. 388-389. (See Appendix A, pp. 68-69. Under CIA's Project MKNAOMI, the Army Assisted CIA in developing, testing, and maintaining biological agents and delivery systems for use against humans as well as against animals and crops. The objectives of these subprojects cannot be identified from the recovered material beyond the fact

that the money was to be used where normal funding channels would require more written or oral justification than appeared desirable for security reasons or where operational considerations dictated short lead times for purchases. About

$11,000 was involved during this period 1953-1960: 3 subprojects.

13. Single subprojects in such areas as effects of electro-shock, harassment techniques for offensive use, analysis of extrasensory perception, gas propelled sprays and aerosols, and four subprojects involving crop and material sabotage. 14. One or two subprojects on each of the following: "Blood Grouping" research, controlling the activity of animals, energy storage and transfer in organic systems; and stimulus and response in biological systems.

15. Three subprojects cancelled before any work was done on them having to do with laboratory drug screening, research on brain concussion, and research on biologically active materials to be tested through the skin on human volunteers. Now, as to how much new the recovered material adds to what has previously

been reported to the Church Committee and to Senator Kennedy's Subcommittee on Health on these topics, the answer is additional detail, for the most part: e.g., the names of previously unidentified researchers and institutions associated on either a witting or unwitting basis with MKULTRA activities, and the names of CIA officials who approved or monitored the various subprojects. Some new substantive material is also present: e.g., details concerning proposals for experimentation and clinical testing associated with various research projects, and a possibly improper contribution by CIA to a private institution. However, the principal types of activities included have, for the most part, either been outlined to some extent or generally described in what was previously available to CIA in the way of documentation and was supplied by CIA to Senate investigators.

For example:

Financial disbursement records for the period 1960-1964 for 76 of the 149 numbered MKULTRA subprojects had been recovered from the Office of Finance by CIA and were made available to the Church Committee investigators in August or September 1975.

The 1963 Inspector General report on MKULTRA made available to both the Church Committee and Senator Kennedy's Subcommittee mentions electro-shock

and harassment substances (pp. 4, 16) ; covert testing on unwitting U.S. citizens(PP. 7, 10-12) ; the search for new materials through arrangements with special

ists in universities, pharmaceutical houses, hospitals, state

and federal institu

tions, and private research organizations (pp. 7, 9) ; and the fact that the Technical Service Division of CIA had initiated 144 subprojects related to the control

of human behavior between 1953-1963 (p. 21).

The relevant section of a

1957 Inspector General report on the Technical Serv

ice Division was also made available to the Church Committee staff. That reportdiscusses techniques for human assessment

and unorthodox methods of

com

munication (p. 201) ; discrediting and disabling materials which can

be covertly

administered

(pp 201-202) ; studies on magicians' arts as applied to covert operations (p. 202) ; specific funding mechanisms for research performed outside ofCIA (pp. 202-203, 205) ; research being done on "K" (knockout) material, alcohol

tolerance, and hypnotism (p.

203) ; research on LSD (p. 204) ; anti-personnel

harassment and assassination delivery systems including aerosol generators andother spray devices (pp. 206-208) ; the role of Fort Detrick in support of CIA'sBiological/Chemical Warfare capability (p. 208) ; and material sabotage research

(p. 209). Much of this material is reflected in the Church Committee Report,

Book I, pp. 385-422. (See Appendix A, pp. 65-102).

The most significant new data discovered are, first, the names of researchers

and institutions who participated in the MKULTRA project and, secondly, a

possibly improper

contribution by CIA to a private institution. We are now in

possession of the names of 185 non-government researchers and assistants who

are identified

in the recovered material dealing with the 149 subprojects. The

names of 80 institutions where work

was done or with which these people were

affiliated are also mentioned. The institutions include 44 colleges or universities, 15 research foundations or

chemical or pharmaceutical companies and the like, 12 hospitals or clinics (in ad

dition to those associated with universities), and 3 penal institutions. While the

identities of some of these people and institutions were known previously, the

discovery of the new identities adds to our knowledge of MKULTRA.

The facts as they pertain to the possibly improper contribution are as follows:

One project involves a contribution of $375,000 to a building fund of a privatemedical Institution. The fact that a contribution was made was previously

known; indeed it was mentioned in a 1957 Inspector General report on theTechnical Service Division of CIA, pertinent portions of which had

been re

viewed by the Church Committee staff. The newly discovered material, however, makes it clear that this contribution was made through an intermediary, which made it appear to be a private donation. As a private donation, the contribution was then matched by federal funds. The institution was not made aware of the true source of the gift. This project was approved by the then DCI, and concurred

in by CIA's top management at the time, including the then General Counsel who wrote an opinion supporting the legality of the contribution.

The recently discovered documents give a greater insight into the scope of the unwitting drug testing but contribute little more than that. We now have col

laborating information that some of the unwitting drug testing was carried onin safehouses in San Francisco and New York City, and we have identified that three individuals were involved In this undertaking as opposed to the previously

reported one person. We also know now that some unwitting testing took place on criminal sexual psychopaths confined at a State hospital and that, additionally, research was done on a knock-out or "K" drug in parallel with research todevelop pain killers for cancer patients.

These, then are the principal findings identified to date in our review of the recovered material. As noted earlier,. we believe the detail on the identities of

researchers and institutions involved in CIA's sponsorship of drugs and behavioral modification is a new element and one which poses a considerable problem. Most of the people and institutions involved are not aware of Agencysponsorship. We should certainly assume that the researchers and institutions which cooperated with CIA on a witting basis acted in good fai-th and in the belief that they were aiding their government in a legitimate and proper purpose. I believe we all have a moral obligation to these researchers and institutions to protect them from any unjustified embarrassment or damage to their reputationswhich revelation of their identities might bring. In addition, I have a legalobligation under the Privacy Act not to publicly disclose the names of the individual researchers without their consent. This is especially true, of course, for

those researchers and institutions which were unwitting participants in CIA- sponsored activities.

Nevertheless, recognizing the right and the need of both Senate Select

the

Committee on Intelligence and the Senate Subcommittee on

Health to investigate

the circumstances of these activities in whatever detail they consider necessary,I am providing your Committee with all of the names on a classified basis. Ihope that this will facilitate your investigation while protecting the individuals and institutions involved. Let me emphasize that the MKULTRA events are 12 to 25 years in the past. I assure you that the CIA is in no way engaged in either

witting or unwitting testing of drugs today.

Finally, I am working closely with the Attorney General and with the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare on. this matter. We are making available to the Attorney General whatever materials he may deem necessary to any

investigation he may elect to undertake. We are working with both the AttorneyGeneral and the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare to determine whether it is practicable from this new evidence to attempt to identify any of the persons to whom drugs may have been administered unwittingly. No such names are part of these records, but we are working to determine if there are adequate clues to lead to their identification; and if so, how to go about fulfillingthe Government's responsibilities in the matter.

TESTIMONY OF ADM. STANSFIELD TURNER, DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE, ACCOMPANIED BY FRANK LAUBINGER, OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES; AL BRODY, OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL; ERNEST MAYERFIELD, OFFICE OF GENERAL COUNSEL; AND GEORGE L. CARY, LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL

Admiral TURNER. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I would like to beginby thanking you and Senator Kennedy for having a joint hearing this morning. I hope this will expedite and facilitate our getting all the information that both of your committees need into the record quickly.

I would like also to thank you both for prefacing the remarks today

by reminding us all that the events about which we are here to talk are 12-to 24-years old. They in no way represent the current activities or policies of the Central Intelligence Agency.

What we are here to do is to give you all the information that we now have and which we did not previously have on a subject known as Project MKULTRA, a project which took place from 1953 to 1964.

It was an umbrella project under which there were numerous subprojects for research, among other things, on drugs and behavioral modification. What the new material that we offer today is a supplement to the considerable material that was made available in 1975, during the Church committee hearinas, and also to the Senate Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research.

At that time, the CIA offered up all of the information and documents it believed it had available. The principal one available at that time that gave the greatest amount of information on this subject was a report of the CIA's Inspector General written in 1963, and which led directly to the termination of this activity in 1964, 13 years ago.

The information available in 1975 to the various investigating groups was indeed sparse, first because of the destruction of material that took place in 1973. as detailed by Senator Kennedy a minute ago, with the concurrence of the then Director of Central Tntelliaence and under the supervision of the Director of the Office of Technical Services that supervised Project MKULTRA.

The material in 1975 was also sparse because most of the CIA people who had been involved in 1953 to 1964 in this activity had retired from the Agency. I would further add that I think the material was sparse in part because it was the practice at that time not to keep detailed records in this category.

For instance, the 1963 report of the Inspector General notes:

Present practice is to maintain no records of the planning and approval of test programs.

In brief, there were few records to begin with and less after the destruction of 1973.

What I would like to do now, though, is to proceed and let you know what the new material adds to our knowledge of this topic, and I will start by describing how the material was discovered and why it was not previously discovered. The material in question, some seven boxes, had been sent to our Retired Records Center outside of the Washington area. It was discovered there as the result of an extensive search by an employee charged with the responsibility for maintaining our holdings on behavioral drugs and for responding to Freedom of Information Act requests on this subject.

During the Church committee investigation of 1975, searches for MKULTRA-related material were made by examining both the active and the retired records of all of the branches of CIA considered likely to have had an association with MKULTRA documents. The retired records of the Budget and Fiscal Section of the branch that was responsible for such work were not searched, however. This was because the financial paper associated with sensitive projects such as MKULTRA were normally maintained by the branch itself under the project title, MKULTRA, not by the Budget and Fiscal Section under a special budget file.

In the case at hand, however, this newly located material had been sent to the Retired Records Center in 1970 by the Budget and Fiscal Section of this branch as part of its own retired holdings. In short, what should have been filed by the branch itself was filed by the Budget and Fiscal Section, and what should have been filed under the project title, MKULTRA, was filed under budget and fiscal matters. The reason for this departure from the normal procedure of that time is simply not known, and as a result of it, however, the material escaped retrieval and destruction in 1973, as well as discovery in 1975.

The employee who located this material did so by leaving no stone unturned in his efforts to respond to a Freedom of Information Act request, or several of them, in fact. He reviewed all of the listings of material of this branch, stored at the Retired Records Center, including those of the Budget and Fiscal Section, and thus discovered the MKULTRA-related documents, which had been missed in the previous searches.

In sum, the agency failed to uncover these particular documents in 1973, in the process of attempting to destroy them. It similarly failed to locate them in 1975, in response to the Church committee hearings. I am personally persuaded that there is no evidence of any attempt to conceal this material during the earlier searches. Moreover, as we will discuss as we proceed, I do not believe the material itself is such that

there would be a motive on the part of the CIA to withhold this, havingdisclosed what it did in 1975.

Next, let me move to the nature of this recently located material. It is important to remember what I have just noted, that these folders that were discovered are finance folders. The bulk of the material in them consists of approvals for the advance of funds, vouchers, and accountings and such, most of which are not very informative as to

the nature of the activities that they were supporting. Occasional project proposals or memoranda commenting on some aspect of a subproject are scattered throughout this material. In general, however, the recovered material does not include overall status reports or other docu

ments relating to operational considerations, or to the progress on various subprojects, though some elaboration of the activities contemplated does appear from time to time.

There are roughly three categories of projects. First, there are 149 MKULTRA subprojects, many of which appear to have some connection with research into behavioral modification, drug acquisition and testing, or administering drugs surreptitiously. Second, there are two boxes of miscellaneous MKULTRA papers, including audit reportsand financial statements from intermediary funding mechanisms used to conceal CIA sponsorship of various research projects.

Finally, there are 33 additional subprojects concerning certain in

telligence activities previously funded under MKULTRA but which have nothing to do either with behavioral modifications, drugs and toxins, or any closely related matter.

We have attempted to group the activities covered by the 149 subprojects into categories under descriptive headings. In broad outline, at least, this presents the contents of these files. The following 15

categories are the ones we have divided these into.

First, research into the effects of behavioral drugs and/or alcohol. Within this, there are 17 projects probably not involving human testing. There are 14 subprojects definitely involving testing on human volunteers. There are 19 subprojects probably including tests on human 'volunteers and 6 subprojects involving tests on unwittinghuman beings.

Second, there is research on hypnosis, eight subprojects, including two involving hypnosis and drugs in combination. Third, there are seven projects on the acquisition of chemicals or drugs.

Fourth, four subprojects on the aspects of the magician's art, useful in covert operations, for instance, the surreptitious delivery of drug- related materials.

Fifth, there are nine projects on studies of human behavior, sleepresearch, and behavioral change during psychotherapy. Sixth, there are projects on library searches and attendants at seminars and international conferences on behavioral modifications. Seventh, there are 23 projects on motivational studies, studies of defectors, assessments of behavior and training techniques.

Eighth, there are three subprojects on polygraph research.

Ninth, there are three subprojects on funding mechanisms for MKULTRA's external research activities.

Tenth, there are six subprojects on research on drugs, toxins, and biologicals in human tissue, provision of exotic pathogens, and the capability to incorporate them in effective delivery systems.

Eleventh, there are three subprojects on activities whose nature simply cannot be determined.

Twelfth, there are subprojects involving funding support for unspecified activities conducted with the Army Special Operations Division at Fort Detrich, Md. This activity is outlined in Book I of the Church committee report, pages 388 to 389. (See Appendix A, pp. 68-69).

Under CIA's Project MKNAOMI, the Army assisted the CIA in developing, testing, and maintaining biological agents and delivery systems-for use against humans as well as against animals and crops.

Thirteenth, there are single subprojects in such areas as the effects of electroshock, harassment techniques for offensive use, analysis of extrasensory perception, gas propelled sprays and aerosols, and four subprojects involving crop and material sabotage.

Fourteenth, one or two subprojects on each of the following: blood grouping research; controlling the activities of animals; energy storage and transfer in organic systems; and stimulus and response in biological systems.

Finally, 15th, there are three subprojects canceled before any work was done on them having to do with laboratory drug screening, research on brain concussion, and research on biologically active materials.

Now, let me address how much this newly discovered material adds to what has previously been reported to the Church committee and to Senator Kennedy's Subcommittee on Health. The answer is basically additional detail. The principal types of activities included in these documents have for the most part been outlined or to some extent generally described in what was previously available in the way of documentation and which was supplied by the CIA to the Senate investigators.

For example, financial disbursement records for the period of 1960

to 1964 for 76 of these 149 subprojects had been recovered by the

Office of Finance at CIA and were made available to the Church

committee investigators. For example, the 1963 Inspector General

report on MKULTRA made available to both the Church committee

and the Subcommittee on Health mentions electroshock and harass

ment substances, covert testing on unwitting U.S. citizens, the search

for new materials through arrangements with specialists in hospitals

and universities, and the fact that the Technical Service Division of

CIA had initiated 144 subprojects related to the control of human

behavior.

For instance also, the relevant section of a 1957 Inspector General

report was also made available to the Church committee staff, and

that report discusses the techniques for human assessment and un

orthodox methods of communication, discrediting and disabling ma

terials which can be covertly administered, studies on magicians' arts

as applied to covert operations, and other similar topics.

The most significant new data that has been discovered are, first,

the names of researchers and institutions who participated in

MKULTRA projects, and second, a possibly improper contribution by the CIA to a private institution. We are now in the possession of the names of 185 nongovernment researchers and assistants who are identified in the recovered material dealing with these 149 subprojects.

There are also names of 80 institutions where work was done or

with which these people were affiliated. The institutions include 44

colleges or universities, 15 research foundation or chemical or pharma

ceutical companies or the like, 12 hospitals or clinics, in addition to

those associated with the universities, and 3 penal institutions.

While the identities of some of these people and institutions were known previously, the discovery of the new identities adds to our knowledge of MKULTRA.

The facts as they pertain to the possibly improper contribution are as follows. One project involves a contribution of $375,000 to a building fund of a private medical institution. The fact that that contribution was made was previously known. Indeed, it was mentioned in the 1957 report of the Inspector General on the Technical Service Division of CIA that supervised MKULTRA, and pertinent portions of this had been reviewed by the Church committee staff.

The newly discovered material, however, makes it clear that this contribution was made through an intermediary, which made it appear to be a private donation. As a private donation, the contribution was then matched by Federal funds. The institution was not made aware of the true source of the gift. This project was approved I- the then Director of Central Intelligence and concurred in by CIA's top management including the then General Counsel, who wrote an opinion supporting the legality of the contribution.

The recently discovered documents also give greater insight into the scope of the unwitting nature of the drug testing, but contribute little more than that. We now do have corroborating information that some of the unwitting drug testing was carried out in what is known in the intelligence trade as safe houses in San Francisco and in New York City, and we have identified that three individuals were involved in this undertaking, whereas we previously reported there was only one person.

We also know now that some unwitting testing took place on criminal sexual psychopaths confined at a State hospital, and that additionally research was done on a knockout or K drug in parallel with research to develop painkillers for cancer patients.

These, then, are the principal findings identified to date in our review of this recovered material. As noted earlier, we believe the detail on the identities of researchers and institutions involved in CIA sponsorship of drug and behavioral modification research is a new element and one which poses a considerable problem. Most of the people and institutions involved were not aware of CIA sponsorship. We should certainly assume that the researchers and institutions which cooperated with CIA on a witting basis acted in good faith and in the belief that they were aiding their Government in a legitimate and proper purpose.

I believe that we all have a moral obligation to these researchers and institutions to protect them from any unjustified embarrassment

or damage to their reputations which revelation of their identities might bring. In addition, I have a legal obligation under the Privacy Act not to publicly disclose the names of the individual researchers

without their consent. This is especially true, of course, for those researchers and institutions which were unwitting participants in CIA sponsored activities. Nonetheless, Mr. Chairman, I certainly recognize the right and the

need of both the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the Senate Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research to investigate the circumstances of these activities in whatever detail you consider necessary. I am providing your committee with all of the documentation, including all of the names, on a classified basis. I hope that this will facilitate your investigation while still protecting the individuals

and the institutions involved. Let me emphasize again that the MKULTRA events are 12 to 24 years in the past, and I assure you that CIA is in no way engaged in either witting or unwitting testing of drugs today.

Finally, I am working closely with the Attorney General on this matter. We are making available to the Attorney General whatever materials he may deem necessary to any investigations that he may elect to undertake. Beyond that, we are also working with the Attorney General to determine whether it is practicable from this new evidence to identify any of the persons to whom drugs may have been administered unwittingly. No such names are part of these records. We have not identified the individuals to whom drugs were administered, but we are trying now to determine if there are adequate clues to lead to their identification, and if so how best to go about fulfilling the Government's responsibilities in this matter.

Mr. Chairman, as we proceed with that process of attempting to identify the individuals and then determining what is our proper responsibility to them, I will keep both of these committees fully advised. I thank you, sir.

Senator INouYE. Thank you very much, Admiral Turner. Your spirit of cooperation is much appreciated. I would like to announce to the committee that in order to give every member an opportunity to

participate in this hearing, that we would set a time limit of 10 minutes

per Senator.

Admiral Turner, please give this committee the genesis of MKUL TRA. Who or what committee or commission or agency was responsible for dreaming up this grandiose and sinister project, and why was it necessary? What is the rationale or justification for such a project and was the President of the United States aware of this?

Admiral TURNER. Mr. Chairman. I am going to ask Mr. Brody on my right, who is a long-time member of the CIA to address that in more detail. I believe everything that we know about the genesis was turned over to the Church committee and is contained in that material. Basically, it was a CIA-initiated project. It started out of a concern of our being taken advantage of by other powers who would use drugs against our personnel, and it was approved in the Agency. I have asked the question you just asked me, and have been assured that there is no evidence within the Agency of any involvement at higher echelons, the White House, for instance, or specific approval. That does not say there was not, but we have no such evidence.

96-408 0 -77 -2

Mr. Brody, would you amplify on my comments there, please?

Mr. BRODY. Mr. Chairman, I really have very little to add to that. To my knowledge, there was no Presidential knowledge of this project at the time. It was a CIA project, and as the admiral said, it was a project designed to attempt to counteract what was then thought to be a serious threat by our enemies of using drugs against us. Most of what else we know about it is in the Senate Church committee report.

Senator INOUYE. Were the authorized members of the Congress made aware of this project through the budgetary process?

Mr. BRODY. We have no knowledge of that, sir.

Senator INOUYE. Are you suggesting that it was intentionally kept away from the Congress and the President of the United States?

Admiral TURNER. No, sir. We are only saying that we have no evidence one way or the other as to whether the Congress was informed of this particular project. There are no records to indicate.

Senator INOUYE. Admiral Turner, are you personally satisfied by actual investigation that this newly discovered information was not intentionally kept away from the Senate of the United States ?

Admiral TURNER. I have no way to prove that, sir. That is my conviction from everything Ihave seen of it.

Senator INOUYE. Now, we have been advised that these documents were initially discovered in March of this year, and you were notified in July of this year, or June of this year, and the committee was notified in July. Can you tell us why the Director of Central Intelligence was notified 3 months after its initial discovery, why the delay?

Admiral TURNER. Yes, sir. All this started with several Freedom of Information Act requests, and Mr. Laubinger on my left was the individual who took it upon himself to pursue these requests with great diligence, and got permission to go to the Retired Records Center, and then made the decision to look not only under what would be the expected subject files, but through every file with which the branch that conducted this type of activity had any conceivable connection.

Very late in March, he discovered these seven boxes. He arranged to have them shipped from the Retired Records Center to Washington, to our headquarters. They arrived in early April. He advised his appropriate superiors, who asked him how long he thought it would take him to go through these and screen them appropriately, clear them for Freedom of Information Act release.

There are, we originally estimated, 5,000 pages here. We now think that was an underestimation, and it may be closer to 8,000 pages. He estimated it would take about 45 days or into the middle of May to do that. He was told to proceed, and as be did so there was nothing uncovered in the beginning of these 149 cases that appeared particularly startling or particularly additive to the knowledge that had already been given to the Church committee, some details, but no major revelations:

He and his associates proceeded with deliberateness, but not a great sense of urgency. There were other interfering activities that came and demanded his time also. He was not able to put 100 percent of his time on it, and there did not appear to be cause for a great rush here. We were trying to be responsive to the Freedom of Information Act request within the limits of our manpower and our priorities.

In early June, however, he discovered two projects, the one relatedto K drugs and the one related to the funding at the institution, and

realized immediately that he had substantial

new information, and

he immediately reported this to his superiors.

Two actions were taken. One was to notify the lawyers of the principal Freedom of Information Act requestor that we would have substantial new material and that it would be forthcoming as rapidly aspossible, and the second was to start a memorandum up the chain

that indicated his belief that we should notify the Senate Select Comimittee on Intelligence of this discovery because of the character at leastof these two documents.

As that proceeded up from the 13th of June, at each echelon we hadto go through the legal office, the legislative liaison office and at eachechelon about the same question was asked of him: Have you gonethrough all of this, so that when notify the Senate Select Com

we

mittee

we do not notify half of the important relevations and not theother half? The last thing I want, Mr. Chairman, is in any way tobe on any topic, give the appearance on any topic of being recalcitrant,

reluctant, or having to have you drag things out of me, and my subordinates, much to my pleasure, had each asked, have you really gonethrough these 8,000 pages enough to know that we

are not going to

uncover a bombshell down -atthe bottom? By late June, about the 28th, this process reached my deputy. He

notified me after his review of it on the 7th of July, which is the firstI knew of it. I began reading into it. I asked the same probing question directly. I then notified my superiors, and on the 15th delivered to you my letter letting you know that we had this, and we have beenworking, many people, many hours since then, to be sure that what we are

telling you today does include all the relevant material. Senator INOUYE. I would like to commend Mr. Laubinger for his

diligence and expertise, but was this diligence the result of the Freedom of Information Act or could this diligence have been exercisedduring the Church hearings? Why was it not exercised?

Admiral TURNER. There is no question that theoretically this diligence could have been exercised at any time, and it may well be thatthe Freedom of Information Act has made us more aware of this. Would you speak for yourself, please.

Mr. LAUBINGER. I really don't attribute it, Senator, to diligence so much as thoroughness. If you can imagine the pressures under

an

organization trying to respond, which I think the CIA did at the time of the Church committee hearings, the hallways of the floor I am on were full of boxes from our records center. Every box that anyonethought could possibly contain anything was called up for search. It was one of a frantic effort to comply.

When the pressure of that situation cools down, and you can start looking at things systematically, you are apt to find things that youwouldn't under the heat of a crash program, and that is what happenedhere.

Senator INOUYE. Thank you very much. Senator Kennedy?

Senator KENNEDY. Admiral Turner, this is an enormously distressing report that you give to the American Congress and to the American people today. Granted, it happened many years ago, but what we are

basically talking about is an activity which took place in the country that involved the perversion and the corruption of many of our outstanding research centers in this country, with CIA funds, where some of our top researchers were unwittingly involved in research sponsored by the Agency in which they had no knowledge of the background or the support for.

Much of it was done with American citizens who were completely unknowing in terms of taking various drugs, and there are perhaps any number of Americans who are walking around today on the east coast or west coast who were given drugs, with all the kinds of physical and psychological damage that can be caused. We have gone over that in very careful detail, and it is significant and severe indeed.

I do not know what could be done in a less democratic country that would be more alien to our own traditions than was really done in this narrow area, and as you give this report to the committee, I would like to get some sense of your own concern about this type of activity, and how you react, having assumed this important responsibility with the confidence of President Carter and the overwhelming support, obviously, of the. Congress, under this set of circumstances.

I did not get much of a feeling in reviewing your statement here this morning of the kind of abhorrence to this type of past activity which I think the American people would certainly deplore and which I believe that you do, but could you comment upon that question, and also perhaps give us what ideas you have to insure that it cannot happen again?

Admiral TURNER. Senator Kennedy, it is totally abhorrent to me to think of using a human being as a guinea pig and in any way jeopardizing his life and his health, no matter how great the cause. I am not here to pass judgment on my predecessors, but I can assure you that this is totally beyond the pale of my contemplation of activities that the CIA or any other of our intelligence agencies should undertake.

I am taking and have taken what I believe are adequate steps to insure that such things are not continuing today.

Senator KENNEDY. Could you tell us a little bit about that?

Admiral TURNER. I have asked for a special report assuring me that. there are no drug activities extant, that is, drug activities that involve experimentation. Obviously, we collect intelligence about drugs and druo use in other countries, but there are no experimentations being conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency, and I have had a special check made because of another incident that was uncovered some years ago about the unauthorized retention of some toxic materials at the

CIA. I have had an actual inspection made of the storage places and the certification from the people in charge of those that there are no such chemical biological materials present in our keeping, and I have issued express orders that that shall not be the case.

Beyond that, I have to rely in large measure on my sense of command and direction of the people and their knowledge of the attitude I have just expressed to you in this regard.

Senator KENNEDY. I think that is very commendable.

Admiral TURNER. Thank you, sir.

Senator KENNEDY. I think it is important that the American people understand that.

17

You know, much of the research which is our area of interest that was being done by the Agency and the whole involved sequence of activities done by the Agency, I am convinced could have been done in a legitimate way through the research programs of the National Insti

tutes of Mental Health, other sponsored activities. I mean, that is some other question, but I think you went to an awful lot of trouble, where these things could have been.

are

Let me ask you specifically, on the followup of MKULTRA, there now-I think you have answered, but I want to get a complete answer about any experimentations that are being done on human beings., whether it is drugs or behavioral alterations or patterns or any support, either directly or indirectly, being provided by the Agency in terms of any experimentation on human beings.

Admiral TURNER. There is no experimentation with drugs on human beings, witting or unwitting, being conducted in any way.

Senator KENNEDY. All right. Or being supported indirectly? I mean, are you contracted out?

Admiral TURNER. Or being in any way supported.

All right. How about the nondrug experimenta-

Senator KENNEDY. tion our Committee has seen-psychosurgery, for example, or psychological research?

as-

Admiral TURNER. We are continually involved in what we call sessment of behavior. For instance, we are trying to continually improve our polygraph procedures to, you know, assess whether a person is lying or not. This does not involve any tampering with the individnal body. This involves studying records of people's behavior under

different circumstances, and so on, but it is not an experimental thing. Have I described that accurately, Al?

Mr. BRODY. Yes.

Senator KENNEDY. Well, it is limited to those areas?

Admiral TURNER. Yes; it does not involve attempting to modify behavior. It only involves studying behavior conditions, but not trying to actively modify it, as was one of the objectives of MKULTRA. we are scarce on time, but I am interested

Senator KENNEDY. Well, in the other areas besides polygraph where you are doing it. Maybe you can either respond now or submit it for the record, if you would do that. Would you provide that for the record?

Admiral TURNER. Yes.

[The material on psychological assessments follows:]

Psychological assessments are performed as a service to officers in the operations directorate who recruit and/or handle agents. Except for people involved

in training courses, the subjects of the assessments are foreign nationals. The assessments are generally done to determine the most successful tactic to persuade the subject to accept covert employment by the CIA, and to make an appraisal of his reliability and truthfulness.

A majority of the work is done by a staff of trained psychologists, some of whom are stationed overseas. The assessments they do may be either direct or indirect. Direct assessments involve a personal interview of the subject by the

possible the subject is asked to complete a formal "intelli

psychologist. When

gence test" which is actually a disguised psychological test. Individuals being assessed are not given drugs, nor are they subjected to physical harassment or

torture. When operating conditions are such that a face-to-face interview is not possible, the psychologist may do an indirect assessment, using as source materials descriptions of the subject by others, interviews with people who know him, specimens of his writings, etc.

The other psychological assessments involve handwriting analysis or graphological assessment. The work is done by a pair of trained graphologists, assisted by a small number of measurement technicians. They generally require at least a page of handwritten script by the subject. Measurements are made of about

30 different writing characteristics, and these are charted and furnished to the graphologist for assessments.

The psychologists also give courses in psychological assessment to group of operations officers, to sharpen their own capabilities to size up people. As part of the training course, the instructor does a psychological assessment of each student. The students are witting participants, and results are discussed with them.

It is important to reiterate that psychological assessments are only a service to the operations officers. In the final analysis, it is the responsibility of the operations officer to decide how a potential agent should be approached, or to

make a judgement as to whether any agent is telling the truth.

Admiral TURNER. The kind of thing we are interested in is, what

will motivate a man to become an agent of the United States in a difficult situation. We have to be familiar with that kind of attitudinal response that we can expect from people we approach to for one reason or another become our spies, but I will be happy to submit a very

specific listing of these.

Senator KENNEDY. Would you do that for the committee?

In the followups, in the MKSEARCH, in the OFTEN, and the CHICKWIT, could you give us also a report on those particular

programs?

Admiral TURNER. Yes, sir.

Senator KENNEDY. Did they involve experimentation, human

experimentation?

Admiral TURNER. No, sir.

Senator KENNEDY. None of them?

Admiral TURNER. Let me say this, that CHICKWIT program is the code name for the CIA participation in what was basically a Department of Defense program. This program was summarized and reported to the Church committee, to the Congress, and I have since theyhave been rementioned in the press in the last 2 days here, I have not had time to go through and personally review them. I have ascertained that all of the files that we had and made available before are intact, and I have put a special order out that nobody will enter those files or in any way touch them without my permission at this point, but

they are in the Retired Records Center outside of Washington, and they are available.

I am not prepared to give you full details on it, because I simply haven't read into that part of our history, but in addition I would suggest when we want to get into that we should get the Department of Defense in with us.

Senator KENNEDY. Well, you will supply that information to the Intelligence Committee, the relevant, I mean, the health aspects, obviously, and the research we are interested in?

Admiral TURNER. Yes, sir.

Senator KENNEDY. Will you let us know, Admiral Turner?

Admiral TURNER. I will be happy to.

[See p. 169 for the material referred to.]

Senator KENNEDY. Thank you. I am running out of time. Do you support the extension of the protection of human subjects legislation to include the CIA and the DOD? You commented favorably on that

before, and I am hopeful we can get that on the calendar early in

September, and that is our strong interest. Admiral TURNER. The CIA certainly has no objection to that proposed legislation, sir. It is not my role in the administration to be the supporter of it or the endorser of it.

Senator KENNEDY. As a personal matter, since you have reviewed these subjects, would you comment? I know it is maybe unusual, but you can understand what we are attempting to do.

Admiral TURNER. Yes, sir. Senator KENNEDY. From your own experience in the agency, you can understand the value of it.

Just finally, in your own testimony now with this additional information, it seems quite apparent to me that you can reconstruct in verycareful detail this whole project in terms of the responsible CIA officials for the program. You have so indicated in your testimony.

Now with the additional information, and the people, that have been revealed in the examination of the documents, it seems to be prettyclear that you can track that whole program in very careful detail, and I would hope, you know, that you would want to get to the bottom of it, as the Congress does as well. I will come back to that in my next round. Thank you very much.

Senator INOUYE. Senator Goldwater?

Senator GOLDWATER. I have no questions.

Senator INOUYE. Senator Schweiker?

Senator SCHWEIKER. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Admiral Turner, I would like to go back to your testimony on page12, where you discuss the contribution to the building fund of a private medical institution. You state, "Indeed, it was mentioned in a 1957 Inspector General report on the Technical Service Division of CIA, pertinent portions of which had been reviewed by the Church committee staff." I would like to have you consider this question verycarefully. I served as a member of the original Church committee. My staffer did a lot of the work that you are referring to here. He made notes on the IG's report. My question to you is, are you sayingthat the section that specifically delineates an improper contribution

was in fact given to the Church committee staff to see?

Admiral TURNER. The answer to your question is "Yes." The information that a contribution had been made was made available, to the best of my knowledge.

Senator SCHWEIKER. Only certain sections of the report were made available. The report had to be reviewed out at Langley; it was not reviewed here, and copies were not given to us here. I just want you to carefully consider what you are saying, because the only record we have are the notes that the staff took on anything that was of significance.

Admiral TURNER. My understanding was that Mr. Maxwell was shown the relevant portion of this report that disclosed that the contribution had been made.

Senator SCHWEIKER. To follow this up further, I'd like to say that

think there was a serious flaw in the way that the IG report was handled and the Church committee was limited. I am not making any accusations, but because of limited access to the report, we have a situ

ation where it is not even clear whether we actually saw that material or not, simply because we could not keep a copy of the report under the procedures we had to follow. We were limited by notetaking, and so it is rather ambiguous as to just what was seen and what was not

seen. I certainly hope that the new Intelligence Committee will not be bound by procedures that so restrict its ability to exercise effective oversight.

I have a second question. Does it concern you, Admiral, that we used a subterfuge which resulted in the use of Federal construction grant funds to finance facilities for these sorts of experiments on our own people? Because as I understand what you are saying, while the CIA maybe only put up $375,000, this triggered a response on the part of the Federal Government to provide on a good faith basis matching hospital funds at the same level. We put up more than $1 million of matching funds, some based on an allegedly private donation which was really CIA money.

Isn't there something basically wrong with that?

Admiral TURNER. I certainly believe there is. As I stated, the General Counsel of the CIA at that time rendered a legal opinion that this was a legal undertaking, and again I am hesitant to go back and revisit the atmosphere, the laws, the attitudes at that time, so whether the counsel was on good legal ground or not, I am not enough of a lawyer to be sure, but it certainly would occur to me if it happened today as a very questionable activity.

Senator SCH1WEIKER. Well, I think those of us who worked on and amended the Hill-Burton Act and other hospital construction assistance laws over the years, would have a rather different opinion on the legal intent or object of Congress in passing laws to provide hospital construction project money. These funds weren't intended for this.

It reminds me a little bit of the shellfish toxin situation which turned up when I was on the Church committee. The Public Health Service was used to produce a deadly poison with Public Health money. Here we are using general hospital construction money to carry on a series of drug experiments.

Admiral TURNER. Excuse me, sir. If I could just be, I think, accurate, I don't think any of this $375,000 or the matching funds were used to conduct drug experiments. They were used to build the hospital. Now, the CIA then put more money into a foundation that was conducting research on the CIA's behalf supposedly in that hospital, so the intent was certainly there, but the money was not used for experimentation.

Senator SCHWEIKER. Well, I understand it was used for bricks and mortar, but the bricks were used to build the facility where the experiments were carried on; were they not?

Admiral TURNER. We do not have positive evidence that they were. It certainly would seem that that was the intent, but I do not want to draw inferences here-

Senator SCHWEIKER. Well, why else would they give this money for the building fund if the building was not used for a purpose that benefited the CIA program?

Admiral TURNER. I certainly draw the inference that the CIA expected to benefit from it, and some of the wording says the General

Counsel's opinion was that this was legal only if the CIA was going to derive adequate benefit from it, but, sir, there is no evidence of what

benefit was derived.

Senator ScHW-EIKER. There must have been some pretty good benefits at stake. The Atomic Energy Commission was to bear a share of the cost, and when they backed out for some reason or another, the CIA

picked up part of their tab. So, at two different points there were indications that CIA decisionmakers thought there was great benefit to be derived from whatever happened within the brick and mortar

walls of that facility. Admiral TURNER. You are absolutely right. I am only taking the position that I cannot substantiate that there was benefit derived. Senator SCHWEIKER. The agreement documents say that the CIA

would have access to one-sixth of the space involved in the construction of the wing, so how would you enter into an agreement that specifically says that you will have access to and use of one-sixth of the space and not perform something in that space? I cannot believe it was empty.

Admiral TURNER. Sir, I am not disputing you at all, but both of us are saying that the inference is that one-sixth of the space was used, that experimentation was done, and so on, but there is no factual evi

dence of what went on as a result of that payment or what went on in that hospital. It is just missing. It is not that it didn't happen.

Senator SCHTWEIKER. Admiral Turner, one other

Senator KENNEDY. Would the Senator yield on that point?

Senator SCHWEIKEu. I understand that in the agency's documents on the agreement it was explicitly stated that one-sixth of the facility would be designated for CIA use and made available for CIA research. Are you familiar-

Mr. BnoDY. Senator, as I recall, you are right in that there is a mention of one-sixth, but any mention at all has to do with planning. There are no subsequent reports as to what happened after the construction took place.

Senator SCIWKEnR. Admiral Turner, I read in the New York Times that part of this series of MKULTRA experiments involved an arrangement with the Federal Bureau of Narcotics to test LSD surreptitiously on unwitting patrons in bars in New York and San Francisco. Some of the subjects became violently ill and were hospitalized. I wonder if you would just briefly describe what we were doing there and how it was carried out? I assume it was through a safe house operation. I don't believe your statement went into much detail.

Admiral TURNER. I did mention the safe house operation in my statement, sir, and that is how these were carried out. What we have learned from the new documentation is the location and the dates at which the safe houses were run by the CIA and the identification of three individuals who were associated with running those safe houses. We know something about the construction work that was done in them because there were contracts for this. Beyond that, we are pretty much drawing inferences as to the things that went on as to what you are saying here.

Senator SCHWEIKER. Well, the subjects were unwitting. You can infer that much, right?

Admiral TURNER. Right.

Senator SCHWEIKER. If you happened to be at the wrong bar at the wrong place and time, you got it. Mr. BRODY. Senator, that would be-contacts were made, as we understand it, in bars, et cetera, and then the people may have been

invited to these safe houses. There really isn't any indication as to the fact that this took place in the bars. Admiral TURNER. We are trying to be very precise with you, sir, and

not draw an inference here. There are 6 cases of these 149 where we have enough evidence in this new documentation to substantiate that there was unwitting testing and some of that involves these safe

houses. There are other cases where it is ambiguous as to whether the testing was witting or voluntary. There are others where it was clearly voluntary.

Senator SCHWEIKER. Of course, after a few drinks, it is questionable whether informed consent means anything to a-person in a bar anyway. Admiral TURNER. Well, we don't have any indication that all these cases where it is ambiguous involved drinking of any kind. There are cases in penal institutions where it is not clear whether the prisoner was given a choice or not. I don't know that he wasn't given a choice,

an

but I don't positively know that he was, and I classify that as ambiguous incident.

Senator INoUYE. Your time is up, Senator.

Senator Huddleston?

Senator HUDDLESTON. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Admiral Turner, you stated in your testimony that you are convinced there was no attempt to conceal this recently discovered documentation during the earlier searches. Did you question the individuals connected with the earlier search before you made that judgment?

Admiral TURNER. Yes; I haven't, I don't think, questioned everybody who looked in the files or is still on our payroll who looked in the files back in 1975, but Mr. Laubinger on my left is the best authority on this, and I have gone over it with him in some detail.

Senator HUDDLESTON. But you have inquired, you think, sufficiently to assure yourself that there was no intent on the part of any person to conceal these records from the previous committee?

Admiral TURNER. I am persuaded of that both by my questioning of people and by the circumstances and the way in which these documents were filed, by the fact. which I did not and should have men

tioned in my testimony, that these were not the official files. The ones that we have received or retrieved were copies of files that were working files that somebody had used, and therefore were slipped into a different location, and again I say to you, sir, I can't imagine their deliberately concealing these particular files and revealing the other

things that they did reveal in 1975. I don't see the motive for that, because these are not that damning compared with the overall material that was provided.

Senator HUDDLESTON. Is this the kind of operation that if it were continuing now or if there were anything similar to it, that you would feel compelled to report to the Select Committee on Intelligence?

Admiral TURNER. Yes, sir. You mean, if I discovered that something like this were going on without my knowledge? Yes, I would feel absolutely the requirement to

Senator HUDDLESTON. But if it were going on with your knowledge, would you report it to the committee? I assume you would. Admiral TURNER. Yes. Well, it would not be going on with my knowledge, but theoretically the answer is yes, sir.

Senator HUDDLESTON. Well, then, what suggestions would you have as we devise charters for the various intelligence agencies? What provision would you suggest to prohibit this kind of activity from taking place? Would you suggest that it ought to be specifically outlined in a statutory charter setting out the parameters of the permissible operation of the various agencies?

Admiral TURNER. I think that certainly is something we must consider as we look at the legislation for charters. I am not on the face of it opposed to it. I think we would have to look at the particular wording as we are going to have to deal with the whole charter issue as to exactly how precise you want to be in delineating restraints and curbs on the intelligence activities.

Senator HUDDLESTON. In the case of sensitive type operations, which this certainly was, which might be going on today, is the oversight activity of the agency more intensive now than it was at that time?

Admiral TURNER. Much more so. I mean, I have briefed you, sir, and the committee on our sensitive operations. We have the Intelligence Oversight Board. We have a procedure in the National Security Council for approval of very sensitive operations. I think the amount of spotlight focused on these activities is many, manyfoldwhat it was in these 12 to 24 years ago. Senator HUDDLESTON. How about the record keeping? Admiral TURNER. Yes; I can't imagine anyone having the gall to

think that he can just blithely destroy records today with all of the attention that has come to this, and certainly we are emphasizing that that is not the case.

Senator HUDDLESTON. Admiral, I was particularly interested in the activity that took place at the U.S. Public Health Service Hospital at Lexington, Ky., in which a Dr. Harris Isbell conducted experimentson people who were presumably patients there. There was a narcotics institution, I take it, and Dr. Isbell was, according to the New York Times story, carrying on a secret series of correspondence with an individual at the agency by the name of Ray. Have you identified who that person is?

Admiral TURNER. Sir, I find myself in a difficult position here at

a public hearing to confirm or deny these names in view of my legalresponsibilities under the Privacy Act not to disclose the names of individuals here.

Senator HUDDLESTON. I am just. asking you if you have identified the person referred to in that article as Ray. I am not asking you who he was. I just want to know if you know who he is.

Admiral TURNER. No. I am sorry, was this W-r-a-y or R-a-y?

Senator HUDDLESTON. It is listed in the news article as R-a-y, in quotations.

Admiral TURNER. No, sir, we have not identified him.

Senator HUDDLESTON. So you have no knowledge of whether or not he is still a member of your staff or connected with the Agency in any way. Have you attempted to identify him?

[Pause.] Admiral TURNER. Senator, we have a former employee whose firstname is Ray who may have had some connection with these activities.

Senator HUDDLESTON.

You suspect that but you have not verifiedthat at this time, or at least you are not in a position to indicate that

you have verified it? Admiral TURNER.

That is correct.

Senator HUDDLESTON. Thank you.

Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Senator INOUYE. Senator Wallopi?

Senator WALLOP.

Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Admiral Turner, not all of the-and in

no way trying to excuse you of the hideous nature of some of these projects, but not all of the

projects under MKULTRA

are of a sinister or even a moral nature. Is that a fair statement? Admiral TURNER.

That is correct.

Senator WALLOP. Looking down through some of these 17 projectsnot involving human testing, aspects of the magician's art, it doesn't seem as though there is anything very sinister about that. Studies of

human behavior and sleep research, library searches. Now, those things in their way are still of interest, are they not, to the processof intelligence gathering?

Admiral TURNER. Yes, sir. I have not tried to indicate that we

either are not doing or would not do any of the things that were involved in MKULTRA, but when it comes to the witting or unwittingtesting of people with drugs, that is certainly verboten, but there are

other things.

Senator WALLOP. Even with volunteer patients? I mean, I am not trying to put you on the spot to say whether it is going on, but I mean, it is not an uncommon thing, is it, in the prisons of the United States for the Public Health Service to conduct various kinds of experiments

with vaccines and, say, sunburn creams? I know in Arizona they have done so. Admiral TURNER. My understanding is, lots of that is authorized.

but I am not of the opinion that this is not the CIA's business, and that if we need some information in that category, I would prefer to go to the other a'ppropriate authorities of the Government and ask them to get it for us r-ther than to in any way-

Senator WALLOP. Well, you know, you have library searches and attendants at the national seminars. This is why I wanted to ask you if the bulk of these projects were in any way the kinds of things that the Agency might not do now. A President would not have been horrified by the list of the legitimate types of things. Isn't that probably the case?

Admiral TURNER. Yes, sir.

Senator WALLOP. And if it did in fact appear in the IG report, is there any reason to suppose that the President did not know of this project? You said there was no reason to suppose that he did, but let me reverse that. Is there any reason to suppose that they did not?

Admiral TURNER. No.

Senator WALLOP. Well, you know, I just cannot imagine you or literally anybody undertaking projects of the magnitude of dollars here and just not knowing about it, not informing your superior that

these were going on, especially when certain items of it appear in the Inspector General's report on budget matters.

Admiral TURNER. Well, I find it difficult when it is that far back to hypothesize what the procedures that the Director was using in terms

of informing his superiors were. It is quite a different climate from

today, and I think we do a lot more informing today than they did back then, but I find it very difficult to guess what the level of knowledge was.

Senator WALLOP. I am really not asking you to second-guess it, but it just seems to me that, while the past is past, and thank goodness we are operating under different sets of circumstances, I think it is naive

for us to suppose that these things were conducted entirely without the knowledge of the Presidents of the United States during those times. It is just the kinds of research information that was being sought was

vital to the United States, not the means, but the information that they were trying to find.

Admiral TURNER. I am sorry. Your question is, was this vital? Did we view it as vital? Senator WALLOP. Well, your implication at the beginning was that it was a response to the kinds of behavior that were seen in Cardinal

and other things. I somebody must have

Mindszenty's trial mean, thought that this was an important defensive reaction, if nothing else, on the part of the United States.

Yes, sir, I am sure they did, but again I just don't

Admiral TURNER. know how high that -permeatedthe executive branch. Senator WALLOP.

But the kinds of information are still important to you. I mean, I am not suggesting that anyone go back and do that kind of thing again, but I'm certain it would be of use to you to know

what was going to -happento one of your agents assuming someone had put one of these things into his bloodstream, or tried to modify his behavior.

Admiral TURNER. Absolutely, and you know, we would be very con

cerned if we thought there were things like truth serums or other things that our agents or others could be subjected to by use or improper use of drugs by other powers against our people or agents.

Senator WALLOP. Are there? I don't ask you to name them, but are there such serums? Admiral TURNER. I don't know of them if there are. I would have to answer that for the record, sir.

Senator WALLOP. I would appreciate that.

[The material referred to follows:]

"TRUTH" DRUGS IN INTERROGATION

The search for effective aids to interrogation is probably as old as man's need to obtain information from an uncooperative source and as persistent as his impatience to shortcut any

tortuous path. In the annals of police investigation, physical coercion

has at times been substituted for painstaking and time-consuming inquiry in the belief that direct methods produce quick results. Sir James Stephens, writing in 1883, rationalizes a grisly example of "third degree" practices by the police of India : "It is far pleasanter to sit comfortably in the shade rubbing red pepper in a poor devil's eyes than to go about in the sun hunting up

evidence."

More recently, police officials in some countries have turned to drugs for assistance in extracting confessions from accused persons, drugs which ara esumed

26

to the point that he unknowingly reveals truthiS

to relax the individual's defenses he has been trying to conceal. This investigative technique, however humanitarian

serious questions of individual

as an alternative to p~hysical torture, still raises rights and liberties. In this country, where drugs have gained only marginal

has provoked cries of "psychological third

use

acceptance in police work, their that after a quarter of

precipitated medico-legal controversies

degree" and has a century still occasionally flare into the open.

similar to the accepted

The use of so-called "truth" drugs in police work is psychiatric practice of narco-analysis; the difference. in the two procedures lies

their different objectives. The police investigator is concerned with empiricalin may be used against the suspect, and therefore almost solely with

truth that

probative truth: the usefulness of the suspect's revelations depends ultimately on their acceptance in evidence by a court of law. The psychiatist, on the other hand,

using the same "truth" drugs in diagnosis and treatment of the mentally ill, is

primarily concerned with psychological truth or psychological reality rather than empirical fact. A patient's aberrations are reality for him at the time they occur,

of these fantasies and delusions, rather than reliable

and an accurate account recollection of past events, can be the key to recovery.

The notion of drugs capable of illuminating hidden recesses of the mind, helping to heal the mentally ill and preventing or reversing the miscarriage of justice, durable theme for the press and popular literature.

has provided an exceedingly

twice over-the drugs

While acknowledging that "truth serum" is a misnomer

are not sera and they do not necessarily bring forth probative truth-journalistic accounts continue to exploit the appeal of the term. The formula is to play up and to imply that the drugs are more

a few spectacular "truth" drug successess

than need be and more widely employed in criminal investigation than

maligned can officially be admitted.

Any technique that promises an increment of success in extracting information from an uncompliant source is ipso facto of interest in intelligence operations. If the ethical considerations which in Western countries inhibit the use of narcointerrogation in police work are felt also in intelligence, the Western services

must at least be prepared against its possible employment by the adversary. An understanding of "truth" drugs, their characteristic actions, and their potentialities, positive and negative, for eliciting useful information is fundamental to an

adequate defense against them.

This discussion, meant to help toward such an understanding, draws primarily upon openly published materials. It has the limitations of projecting from criminal investigative practices and from the permissive atmosphere of drug psychotherapy.

SCOPOLAMINE AS "TRUTH SERUM"

Early in this century physicians began to employ scopolamine, along with morphine and chloroform, to induce a state of "twilight sleep" during childbirth.

A constituent of henbane, scopolamine was known to produce sedation and drowsiness, confusion and disorientation, incoordination, and amnesia for events

experienced during intoxication. Yet physicians noted that women in twilight sleep answered questions accurately and often volunteered exceedingly candid remarks. In 1922 it occurred to Robert House, a Dallas, Texas obstetrician, that a similar technique might be employed in the interrogation of suspected criminals, and he

arranged to interview under scopolamine two. prisoners in the Dallas county jail whose guilt seemed clearly confirmed. Under the drug, both men denied the charges on which they were held; and both, upon trial, were found not guilty.

Enthusiastic at this success, House concluded

that a patient under the influence of scopolamine "cannot create a lie .. . and there is no power to think or reason." [14] His experiment and this conclusion attracted wide attention, and the idea of a "truth" drug was thus launched upon the public consciousness. The phrase "truth serum" is believed to have appeared first in a news -report of House's experiment in the Los Angeles Record, sometime in 1922. House resisted the term for a while but eventually came to employ it regularly himself. He pub

lished some eleven articles on scopolamine in the years 1921-1929, with a noticeable increase in polemical zeal as time went on. What had begun as something of a scientific statement turned finally into a dedicated crusade by the "father of

truth serum" on behalf of his offspring, wherein he was "grossly indulgent of its wayward behavior and stubbornly proud of its minor achievements." [11]

Only a handful of cases in which scopolamine was used for police interrogation came to public notice, though there is evidence suggesting that some police

forces may have used it extensively. [2, 16] One police writer claims that the threat of scopolamine interrogation has been effective in extracting confessions from criminal suspects, who are told they will first be rendered unconscious by chloral hydrate placed covertly in their coffee or drinking water.[16]

Because of a number of undesirable side effects, scopolamine was shortly dis-

are

qualified as a "truth" drug. Among the most disabling of the side effects hallucinations, disturbed perception, somnolence, and physiological phenomena

such as headache, rapid heart, and blurred vision, which distract the subject from the central purpose of the interview. Furthermore, the physical action is long, far outlasting the psychological effects. Scopolamine continues, in some cases, to make

and surgery safer by drying the mouth and throat and reducing secre

anesthesia tions that might obstruct the air passages. But the fantastically, almost painfully, dry "desert" mouth brought on by the drug is hardly conducive to free talking, even in a tractable subject.

THE BARBITURATES

The first suggestion that drugs might facilitate communication with emotionally disturbed patients came quite by accident in 1916. Arthur S. Lovenhart and his associates at the University of Wisconsin, experimenting with respiratory stimulants, were surprised when, after an injection of sodium cyanide, a catatonic patient who had long been mute and rigid suddenly relaxed, opened his eyes, and even answered a few questions. By the early 1930's a number of psychiatrists were experimenting with drugs as an adjunct to established methods of therapy. At about this time police officials, still attracted by the possibility that drugs migh help in the interrogation of suspects and witnesses, turned to a class of depressant drugs known as the barbiturates. By 1935 Clarence W. Muehlberger, head of the Michigan Crime Detection Laboratory at East Lansing, Was using barbiturates on reluctant suspects, though police work continued to be hampered by the courts' rejection of drug-induced confessions except in a few carefully

circumscribed instances.

The barbiturates, first synthesized in 1903, are among the oldest of modern drugs and the most versatile of all depressants. In this half-century some 2,500 have been prepared, and about two dozen of these have won an important place in medicine. An estimated three to four billion doses of barbiturates are pre

scribed by physicians in the United States each year, and they have come to be known by a variety of commercial names and colorful slang expressions: "goofballs," Luminal, Nembutal, "red devils." "yellow jackets." "pink ladies," etc. Three of them which are used in narcoanalysis and have seen service as "truth" drugs are sodium amytal (amobarbital), pentothal sodium (thiopental), and to a lesser extent seconal (secobarbital).

As one pharmacologist explains it, a subject coming under the Influence of a barbiturate injected intravenously goes through all the stages of progressive drunkenness, but the time scale is on the order of minutes instead of hours. Outwardly the sedation effect is dramatic, especially if the subject is a psychiatric patient in tension. His features slacken, his body relaxes. Some people are momentarily excited; a few beocme silly and giggly. This usually passes, and most subjects fall asleep, emerging later in disoriented semi-wakefulness.

The descent into narcosis and beyond with progressively larger doses can be divided as follows:

I. Sedative stage. II. Unconsciousness, with exaggerated reflexes (hyperactive stage). III. Unconsciousness, without reflex even to painful stimuli. IV. Death. Whether all these stages can be distinguished in any given subject depends largely on the dose and the rapidity with which the drug is induced. In anesthesia, stages I and II may last only two or three seconds. The first or sedative stage can be further divided:

Plane 1. No evident effect, or slight sedative effect.

Plane 2. Cloudiness, calmness, amnesia. (Upon recovery, the subject will

not remember what happened at this or "lower" planes or stages.)

Plane 3. Slurred speech, old thought patterns disrupted, inability to integrate or learn new patterns. Poor coordination. Subject becomes unaware of paniful stimuli.

Plane 3 is the psychiatric "work" stage. It may last only a few minutes, but it can be extended by further slow injection of drug. The usual practice is to bring the subject quickly to Stage II and to conduct the interview as he passesback into the sedative stage on the way to full consciousness.

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

The general abhorrence in Western countries for the use of chemical agents

"to make people do things against their will" has precluded serious systematic

study (at least as published openly) of the potentialities of drugs for interroga

tion. Louis A. Gottschalk, surveying their use in information-seeking inter

views, [13] cites 136 references; but only two touch upon the extraction of

Intelligence information, and one of these concludes merely that Russian tech

niques in interrogation and indoctrination are derived from age-old police

methods and do not depend on the use of drugs. On the validity of confessions

obtained with drugs, Gottschalk found only three published experimental studies .that he deemed worth reporting. One of these reported experiments by D. P. Morris in which intravenous sodium amytal was helpful in detecting malingerers. [12] The subjects, soldiers, were

at first sullen,.negativistic, and non-productive under amytal, but as the inter

view proceeded they revealed the fact of and causes for their malingering. Usually

the interviews turned up a neurotic or psychotic basis for the deception.

The other two confession studies, being more relevant to the highly special

ized, untouched area of drugs in intelligence interrogation, deserve more detailed

review.

Gerson and Victoroff [12] conducted amytal interviews with 17 neuropsychiatric

patients, soldiers who had charges against them, at Tilton General Hospital,

Fort Dix. First they were interviewed without amytal by a psychiatrist, who,

neither ignoring nor stressing their situation as prisoners or suspects under

scrutiny, urged each of them to discuss his social and family background, his

army career, and his version of the charges pending against him.

The patients were told only a few minutes in advance that narcoanalysis would

be performed. The doctor was considerate, but positive and forthright. He indi

cated that they had no choice but to submit to the procedure. Their attitudes

varied from unquestioning compliance to downright refusal.

Each patient was brought to complete narcosis and permitted to sleep. As he

became semiconscious and could be stimulated to speak, he was held in this stage

with additional amytal while the questioning proceeded. He was questioned

first about innocuous matters from his background that he had discussed before

receiving the drug. Whenever possible, he was manipulated into bringing up

himself the charges pending against him before being questioned about them.

If he did this in a too fully conscious state, it proved more effective to ask him

to "talk about that later" and to interpose a topic that would diminish suspicion,

delaying the interrogation on his criminal activity until he was back in the

proper stage of narcosis.

The procedure differed from therapeutic narcoanalysis in several ways: the

setting, the type of patients, and the kind of "truth" sought. Also, the subjects

were kept in twilight consciousness longer than usual. This state proved richest

in yield of admissions prejudicial to the subject. In it his speech was thick,

mumbling, and disconnected, but his discretion was markedly reduced. This val

uable interrogation period, lasting only five to ten minutes at a time, could be

reinduced by injecting more amytal and putting the patient back to sleep.

The interrogation technique varied from case to case according to background

information about the patient, the seriousness of the charges, the patient's atti

tude under narcosis, and his rapport with the doctor. Sometimes it was useful to

pretend, as the patient grew more fully conscious, that he had already confessed

during the amnestic period of the interrogation, and to urge him, while his mem

ory and sense of self-protection were still limited, to continue to elaborate the

details of what he had "already described." When it was obvious that a subject

was withholding the truth, his denials were quickly passed over and ignored,

and the key questions would be reworded in a new approach.

Several patients revealed fantasies, fears, and delusions approaching delirium,

much of which could readily be distinguished from reality. But sometimes there

was no way for the examiner to distinguish truth from fantasy except by refer

ence to other sources. One subject claimed to have a child that did not exist,

29

another threatened to kill on sight a stepfather who had been dead a year, and

yet another confessed to participating in a robbery when in fact he had only

purchased goods from the participants. Testimony concerning dates and specific

places was untrustworthy and often contradictory because of the patient's loss

of time-sense. His veracity in citing names and events proved questionable. Be

cause of his confusion about actual events and what he thought or feared had happened, the patient at times managed to conceal the truth unintentionally.

As the subject revived, he would become aware that he was being questioned about his secrets and, depending upon his personality, his fear of discovery, or the degree of his disillusionment with the doctor, grow negativistic, hostile, or physically aggressive. Occasionally patients had to be forcibly restrained during this period to prevent injury to themselves or others as the doctor continued to interrogate. Some patients, moved by fierce and diffuse anger, the assumption that they had already been tricked into confessing, and a still limited sense of discretion, defiantly acknowledged their guilt and challenged the observer to "do something about it." As the excitement passed, some fell back on their original stories and others verified the confessed material. During the follow-up interview nine of the 17 admitted the validity of their confessions; eight repudiated their confessions and reaffirmed their earlier accounts.

With respect to the reliability of the results of such interrogation, Gerson and Victoroff conclude that persistent, careful questioning can reduce ambiguities in drug interrogation, but cannot eliminate them altogether.

At least one experiment has shown that subjects are capable of maintaining a lie while under the influence of a barbiturate. Redlich and his associates at Yale[25] administered sodium amytal to nine volunteers, students and professionals, who had previously, for purposes of the experiment, revealed shameful and guilt-producing episodes of their past and then invented false self-protective stories to cover them. In nearly every case the cover story retained some elements of the guilt inherent in the true story.

Under the influence of the drug, the subjects were crossexamined on their cover stories by a second investigator. The results, though not definitive, showed that normal individuals who had good defenses and no overt pathological traits could stick to their invented stories and refuse confession. Neurotic individuals with strong unconscious self-punitive tendencies, on the other hand, both confessed more easily and were inclined to substitute fantasy for the truth, confessing to offenses never actually committed.

In recent years drug therapy has made some use of stimulants, most notably amphetamine (Benzedrine) and its relative methamphetamine (Methedrine). These drugs, used either alone or following intravenous barbiturates, produce an outpouring of ideas, emotions, and memories which has been of help in diagnosing mental disorders. The potential of stimulants in interrogation has received little attention, unless in unpublished work. In one study of their psychiatric use Brussel et al. [7] maintain that methedrine gives the liar no time to think or to organize his deceptions. Once the drug takes hold, they say, an insurmountable urge to pour out speech traps the malingerer. Gottschalk, on the other hand, says that this claim is extravagant, asserting without elaboration that the study lacked proper controls.[13] It is evident that the combined use of barbiturates and stimulants, perhaps along with ataraxics (tranquilizers), should be further explored.

OBSERVATIONS FROM PRACTICE

J. M. MacDonald, who as a psychiatrist for the District Courts of Denver has had extensive experience with narcoanalysis, says that drug interrogation is of doubtful value in obtaining confessions to crimes. Criminal suspects under the influence of barbiturates may deliberately withhold information, persist in giving untruthful answers, or falsely confess to crimes they did not commit. The psychopathic personality, in particular, appears to resist successfully the influence of drugs. MacDonald tells of a criminal psychopath who, having agreed to narco-interrogation, received 1.5 grams of sodium amytal over a period of five hours. This man feigned amnesia and gave a false account of a murder. "He displayed little or no remorse as he (falsely) described the crime, including burial of the body. Indeed he was very self-possessed and he appeared almost to enjoy the examination. From time to time he would request that more amytal be injected."[211

MacDonald concludes that a person who gives false information prior to re

96-408 0 -77 -3

30

ceiving drugs is likely to give false information also under narcosis, that the

drugs are of little value for revealing deceptions, and that they are more effective

in releasing unconsciously repressed material than in evoking consciously sup

pressed information.

Another psychiatrist known for his work with criminals, L. Z.

Freedman,

gave sodium amytal to men

accused of various civil and military antisocial acts.

The subjects were mentally unstable, their conditions ranging from character

disorders to

neuroses and psychoses. The drug interviews proved psychiatrically

beneficial to the patients, but Freedman

found that his view of objective realitywas seldom improved by their revelations. He was unable to say on the basis ofthe narco-interrogation whether a given act had

or had not occurred. Like Mac-

Donald, he found that psychopathic individuals can deny to the point of unconsciousness crimes

that every objective sign indicates they have committed.[10]

F. G. Inbau, Professor of Law at Northwestern University, who has had considerable experience observing and participating in "truth" drug tests, claimsthat they are occasionally effective on persons who would have disclosed thetruth anyway had they been properly interrogated, but that a person determined to lie will usually be able to continue the deception under drugs. The two military psychiatrists who made the most extensive use of narcoanalysis during the war

years, Roy R. Grinker and John C. Spiegel, concluded that

in almost all cases they could obtain from

their patients essentially the same

material and give them the same emotional release by therapy without the use

of drugs, provided they had sufficient time.

The essence of these comments from professionals of long experience is thatdrugs provide rapid access to information that is psychiatrically useful but ofdoubtful validity as empirical truth. The same psychological information and a

less adulterated empirical truth can

be obtained from fully conscious subjectsthrough non-drug psychotherapy and skillful police interrogation.

APPLICATION TO CI INTERROGATION

The almost total absence of controlled experimental studies of "truth" drugsand the spotty and anecdotal nature of psychiatric and police evidence requirethat extrapolations to intelligence operations be made with care. Still, enoughis known about the drugs' action to suggest certain considerations affecting the possibilities for their use in interrogations.

It should be clear from the foregoing that at best a drug can only serve as an aid to an interrogator who has a sure understanding of the psychology and techniques of normal interrogation. In some respects, indeed, the demands on his skill will be increased by the baffling mixture of truth and fantasy in drug-induced output. And the tendency against which he must guard in the interrogate to give

the responses that seem to be wanted without regard for facts will be heightenedby drugs: the literature abounds with warnings that a subject in narcosis is extremely suggestible.

It seems possible that this suggestibility and the lowered guard of the narcotic state might be put to advantage in the case of a subject feigning ignorance of a language or some other skill that had become automatic with him. Lipton[20] found sodium amytal helpful in determining whether a foreign subject was merelypretending not to understand English. By extension, one can guess that a druggedinterrogatee might have difficulty maintaining the pretense that he did not comprehend the idiom of a profession he was trying to hide.

There is the further problem of hostility in the interrogator's relationship to a resistance source. The accumulated knowledege about "truth" drug reaction has come largely from patient-physician relationships of trust and confidence. The subject in narcoanalysis is usually motivated a priorito cooperate with the psychiatrist, either to obtain relief from mental suffering or to contribute to a scientific study. Even in police work, where an atmosphere of anxiety and threat may be dominant, a relationship of trust frequently asserts itself: the drug is administered by a medical man bound by a strict code of ethics; the suspectagreeing to undergo narcoanalysis in a desperate bid for corroboration of his testimony trusts both drug and psychiatrist, however apprehensively; and finally, as Freedman and MacDonald have indicated, the police psychiatrist frequently deals with a "sick" criminal, and some order of patient-physician relationshipnecessarily evolves.

Rarely has a drug interrogation involved "normal" individuals in a hostile

or genuinely threatening milieu. It was from a non-threatening experimental

setting that Eric Lindemann could say that his "normal" subjects "reported a

general sense of euphoria, ease and confidence, and they exhibited a marked in

crease in talkativeness and conimunicability."[18] Gerson and Victoroff list poor

doctor-patient rapport as one factor interfering with the completeness and au

thenticity of confessions by the Fort Dix soldiers, caught as they were in a

command performance and told they had no choice but to submit to narco

interrogation.

From all indications, subject-interrogator rapport is usually crucial to obtain

ing the psychological release which may lead to unguarded disclosures. Role-play

ing on the part of the interrogator might be a possible solution to the problem

of establishing rapport with a drugged subject. In therapy, the British narco

analyst William Sargent recommends that the therapist deliberately distort the

facts of the patient's life-experience to achieve heightened emotional response

and abreaction.[27] In the drunken state of narcoanalysis patients are prone to

accept the therapist's false constructions. There is reason to expect that a drugged

subject would communicate freely with an interrogator playing the role of rela

tive, colleague, physician, immediate superior, or any other person to whom his

background indicated he would be responsive.

Even when rapport is poor, however, there remains one facet of drug action

eminently exploitable in interrogation-the fact that subjects emerge from

narcosis feeling they have revealed a great deal, even when they have not. As

Gerson and Victoroff demonstrated 'at Fort Dix, this psychological set provides a

major opening for obtaining genuine confessions.

POSSIBLE VARIATIONS

In studies by Beecher and his associates, [3-6] one-third to one-half the individuals tested proved to be placebo reactors, subjects who respond with symptomatic relief to the administration of any syringe, pill, or capsule, regardless of what it contains. Although no studies are known to have been made of the placebo phenomenon as applied to narco-interrogation, it seems reasonable that when a subject's sense of guilt interferes with productive interrogation, a placebo for pseudo-narcosis could have the effect of absolving him of the responsibility for his acts and thus clear the way for free communication. It is notable that placebos are most likely to be effective in situations of stress. The individuals most likely to react to placebos are the more anxious, more self-centered, more dependent on outside stimulation, those who express their needs more freely socially, talkers who drain off anxiety by conversing with others. The non- reactors are those clinically more rigid and with better than average emotional control. No sex or I.Q. differences between reactors and non-reactors have been found.

Another possibility might be the combined use of drugs with hypnotic trance and post-hypnotic suggestion: hypnosis could presumably prevent any recollection of the drug experience. Whether a subject can be brought to trance against his will or unaware, however, is a matter of some disagreement. Orne, in a survey of the potential uses of hypnosis in interrogation,[23] asserts that it is doubtful, despite many apparent indications to the contrary, that trance can be induced in resistant subjects. It may be possible, he adds, to hypnotize a subject unaware, but this would require a positive relationship with the hypnotist not likely to be found in the interrogation setting.

In medical hypnosis, pentothal sodium is sometimes employed when only light trance has been induced and deeper narcosis is desired. This procedure is a possibility for interrogation, but if a satisfactory level of narcosis could be achieved through hypnotic trance there would appear to be no need for drugs.

DEFENSIVE MEASURES

There is no known way of building tolerance for a "truth" drug without creating a disabling addiction, or of arresting the action of a barbiturate once induced. The only full safeguard against narco-interrogation is to prevent the administration of the drug. Short of this, the best defense is to make use of the same knowledge that suggests drugs for offensive operations: if a subject knows that

on emerging from narcosis he will have an exaggerated notion of how much he has revealed he can better resolve to deny he has said anything.

32

The disadvantages and shortcomings of drugs in offensive operations become positive features of the defense posture. A subject in narco-interrogation is intoxicated, wavering between deep sleep and semi-wakefulness. His speech is garbled and irrational, the amount of output drastically diminished. Drugs

disrupt established thought patterns, including the will to resist, but they do soindiscriminately and thus also interfere with the patterns of substantive information the interrogator seeks. Even under the conditions most favorable forthe interrogator, output will be contaminated by fantasy, distortion, and untruth.

Possibly the most effective way to arm oneself against narco-interrogationwould be to undergo a "dry run." A trial drug interrogation with output tapedfor playback would familiarize an individual with his own reactions to "truth" drugs, and this familiarity would help to reduce the effects of harassment bythe interrogator before and after the drug has been administered. From the viewpoint of the intelligence service, the trial exposure of a particular operative to drugs might provide a rough benchmark for assessing the kind and amount of information he would divulge in narcosis.

There may be concern over the possibility of drug addiction intentionally or accidentally induced by an adversary service. Most drugs will cause addiction with prolonged use, and the barbiturates are no exception. In recent studies at the U.S. Public Health Service Hospital for addicts in Lexington, Ky., subjects

received large doses of barbiturates over a period of months. Upon removal of the drug, they experienced acute withdrawal symptoms and behaved in every respect like chronic alcoholics.

Because their action is extremely short, however, and because there is little likelihood that they would be administered regularly over a prolonged period, barbiturate "truth" drugs present slight risk of operational addiction. If the adversary service were intent on creating addiction in order to exploit withdrawal, it would have other, more rapid.means of producing states as unpleasant as withdrawal symptoms.

The hallucinatory and psychotomimetic drugs such as mescaline, marihuana, LSD-25, and microtine are sometimes mistakenly associated with narcoanalytic interrogation. These drugs distort the perception and interpretation of the sensory input to the central nervous system and affect vision, audition, smell, the sensation of the size of body parts and their position in space, etc. Mescaline and LSD-25 have been used to create experimental "psychotic states," and in a minor way as aids in psychotherapy.

Since information obtained from a person in a psychotic drug state would be

unrealistic, bizarre, and extremely difficult to assess, the self-administration of LSD-25, which is effective in minute dosages, might in special circumstances offer an operative temporary protection against interrogation. Conceivably, on the other hand, an adversary service could use such drugs to produce anxiety or

terror in medically unsophisticated subjects unable to distinguish drug-induced psychosis from actual insanity. An enlightened operative could not be thus frightened, however, knowing that the effect of these hallucinogenic agents is transient in normal individuals.

Most broadly, there is evidence that drugs have least effect on well-adjustedindividuals with good defenses and good emotional control, and that anyone who

can withstand the stress of competent interrogation in the waking state can do so in narcosis. The essential resources for resistance thus appear to lie within

the individual.

CONCLUSIONS

The salient points that emerge from this discussion are the following. No such magic brew as the popular notion of truth serum exists. The barbiturates, bydisrupting defensive patterns, may sometimes be helpful in interrogation, but even under the best conditions they will elicit an output contaminated by deception, fantasy, garbled speech, etc. A major vulnerability they produce in the subject is a tendency to believe he has revealed more than he has. It is possible, however, for both normal individuals and psychopaths to resist drug interrogation; it seems likely that any individual who can withstand ordinary intensive interrogation can hold out in narcosis. The best aid to a defense against narco-interrogation is foreknowledge of the process and its limitations. There is an acute need for controlled experimental studies of drug reaction, not only to depressants but also to stimulants and to combinations of depressants, stimulants, and

ataraxics.

33

REFERENCES

1. Adams, E. Barbiturates. Sci. Am., Jan. 1958,198 (1), 60-64. 2. Barkham, J. Truth Drugs: The new crime solver. Coronet, Jan. 1951, 29, 72-76. 3. Beecher, H. K. Anesthesia. Soi. Am., Jan. 1957, 198, p. 70. 4. -Appraisal of drugs intended to alter subjective Tesponses, symptoms. J. Amer. Med. Assn., 1955,158, 399-401. 5. -. Evidence for increased effectiveness of placebos with increased stress. Amer. J. Physiol., 1956.187, 163-169. 6. -. Experimental pharmacology and measurement of the subjective response. Science, 1953, 116. 157-162. 7. Brussel, J. A., Wilson, D. C., Jr., & Shankel, L. W. The use of methedrine in psychiatric practice. Psychiat.Quart.,1954, 28, 381-394. 8. Delay, J. Pharmacologic explorations of the personality: narcoanalysis and "mnethedrine" shock. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 1949, 42, 492-496. 9. deRopp, R. S. Drugsand the Mind. New York: Grove Press, Inc., 1960. 10. Freedman. L. Z. "Truth" drugs. Sci. An., March 1960. 145-154. 11. Geis, G. In scopolamine veritas. The early history of drug-induced statenients. J. of Grin. Law, Criminal. & Pot. Sci., Nov.-Dec. 1959, 50(4), 347-358. 12. Gerson, M. J., & Victoroff, V. Experimental investigation into the validity of confessions obtained under sodium amytal narcosis. J. Clin. and Exp. Psychopath., 1948, 9, 359-375. 13. Gottschalk, L. A. The use of drugs in information-seeking interviews. Technical report #2, ARDC Study SR 177-D Contract AF 18 (600) 1797. Dec. 1958. Bureau of Social Science Research, Inc. 14. House, R. E. The use of scopolamine in criminology. Texas St. J. of Med., 1922, 18, 259. 15. Houston, F. A preliminary investigation into abreaction comparing methedrine and sodium amytal with other methods. J. Ment. Seo., 1952, 98. 707-710. 16. Inbau, F. G. Self-incrimination.Springfield: C. C. Thomas, 1950. 17. Kidd., W. R. Policeinterrogation.1940. 18. Legal dose of truth. Newsweek, Feb. 23, 1959, 28. 19. Lindemann, E. Psychological changes in normal and abnormal individuals under the influence of sodium amytal. Amer. J. Psychiat., 1932, 11, 10&3-1091. 20. Lipton, E. L. The amytal interview. A review. Amer. Practit.Digest Treat., 1950, 1, 148-163. 21. MacDonald, J. M. Narcoanalysis and criminal law. Amer. J. Psychiat.,1954, 111, 283-288. 22. Morris, D. P. Intravenous barbiturates: an aid in the diagnosis and treatment of conversion hysteria and malingering. Mil. Surg., 1945, 96, 509-513. 23. Orne, M. T. The potential uses of hypnosis in interrogation. An evaluation. ARDC Study SR 177-D ContractAF 18(600) 1797, Dec. 1958. Bureau of Social Science Research, Inc. 24. Pelikan, E. W., & Kensler, C. J. Sedatives: Their pharmacology and uses. Reprint from The Medical Clinics of North America. W. B. Saunders Company, Sept. 1958.

25. Redlich, F. C., Ravitz, L. J., & Dession, G. H. Narcoanalysis and truth. Amer. J. Psychiat.,1951. 107, 586-593. 26. Rolin, J. Police Drugs. Translated by L. J. Bendit. New York: Philosophical Library, 1956. 27. Sargant, W., & Slater, E. Physical methods of treatmentin psychiatry. (3rd. ed.) Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1954. 28. Snider, R. S. Cerebellum. Sci. Am., Aug. 1958, 84. 29. Uhr, L., & Miller, L. G. (eds.). Drugs and Behavior. New York-London: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1960. Senator WALLOP. If they are, I would assume that you would still try to find from either theirs or somebody else's information how to protect our people from that kind of activity.

Admiral TURNER. Yes.

Senator WALLOP. Thank you very much. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Senator INOUYE. Senator Chafee? Senator CHAFEE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Admiral Turner, I appreciate that these tawdry activities were tak

ing place long before your watch, and I think you have correctly

labeled them as abhorrent, 'butnot only were they abhorrent, it seems

to me they were rather bungled, amateurish experiments that don't

seem to have been handled in a very scientific way, at least from the

scanty evidence we have.

It seems to me that there were the minimum of reports and the

Agency didn't have the ability to call it quits. It went on for some 12

years, as you mentioned. What I would like to get to is, are you con

vinced now in your Agency that those scientific experiments, legiti

mate ones that you were conducting with polygraph and so forth, were being conducted in a scientific manner and that you are handling it in a correct manner to get the best information that you are seeking inthe end?

Admiral TURNER. Yes, I am, and I also have a sense of confidence

that we are limiting ourselves to the areas where we need to be involved as opposed to areas where we can rely on others. Senator CHAFEE. I am convinced of that from your report. I just dohope that you have people who are trained in not only handling this

type of experiment, but in preparing the proper reports and drawingthe proper data from the reports. You are convinced that you have

this type of people?

Admiral TURNER. Yes, sir.

Senator CHAFEE. The second point I am interested in was the final lines in your testimony here, which I believe are very important, and that is that the Agency is doing all it can in cooperation with other branches of the Government to go about tracking down the identity of those who were in some way adversely affected, and see what can be done to fulfill the government's responsibilities in that respect. I mightadd that I commend you in that, and I hope you will pursue it vigorously.

A hospital in my State was involved in these proceedings, and it is unclear exactly what did take place, so I have both a parochial interest in this and a national interest as well, and I do hope you will press on with it. It involves not only you, I appreciate, but also HEW and perhaps the Attorney General.

Admiral TURNER. Thank you, sir. We will.

Senator CHAFEE. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Senator INOUYE. Thank you very much.

Admiral Turner, MKULTRA subproject 3 was a project involving

the surreptitious administration of LSD on unwitting persons,.was it not?

Admiral TURNER. Yes, sir.

Senator INOUYE. In February 1954, and this was in the very early stages of MAKULTRA, the Director of Central Intelligence wrote to the technical services staff officials criticizing their judgment because they had participated in an experiment involving the administration of LSD on an unwitting basis to Dr. Frank Olson, who later committed suicide. Now, the individuals criticized were the same individuals who were responsible for this subproject 3, involving exactly the same practices. Even though these individuals were clearly aware of the dangersof surreptitious administration and had been criticized by the Director

of Central Intelligence, subproject 3 was not terminated immediately after Dr. Olson's death.

In fact. according to documents, it continued for a number of years. Can you provide this committee with any explanation of how such testing could have continued under these circumstances?

Admiral TURNER. No, sir, I really can't.

Senator INOUYE. Are the individuals in the technical services who

carried on subproject 3 still on the CIA payroll?

Admiral TURNER. I am sorry. Are you asking, are they today?

Senator INOUYE. Yes.

Admiral TURNER. No, sir.

Senator INOUYE. What would you do if you criticized officials of the

technical services staff and they continued to carry on experimentation for a number of years?

Admiral TURNER. I would do two things, sir. One is, I would be sure at the beginning that I was explicit enough that they knew that I didn't want that to be continued anywhere else, and two, if I found it being continued, I would roll some heads.

Senator INOUYE. Could you provide this committee with information as to whether the individuals involved had their heads rolled? Admiral TURNER. I don't believe there is any evidence they did, but I will double check that.

[See p. 170 for material referred to.]

Senator INOUYE. As you know, Senator Huddleston and his subcommittee are deeply involved in the drafting of charters and guidelines for the intelligence community. We will be meeting with the President tomorrow. Our concern is, I think, a basic one. Can anything like this occur again?

Admiral TURNER. I think it would be very, very unlikely, first, because we are all much more conscious of these issues than we were back in the fifties, second, because we have such thorough oversight procedures. I cannot imagine that this kind of activity could take place today without some member of the CIA itself bypassing me, if I were authorizing this, and writing to the Intelligence Oversight Board, and blowing the whistle on this kind of activity.

I am also doing my very best, sir, to encourage an openness with myself and a free communication in the Agency, so that I am the one who finds these things if they should happen. The fact is that we must keep you and your committee and now the new committee in the House informed of our sensitive activities. I think all of these add up to a degree of scrutiny such that this kind of extensive and flagrant activity could not happen today without it coming to the attention of the proper authorities to stop it.

Senator INOUYE. A sad aspect of the MKULTRA project was that it naturally involved the people who unwittingly or wittingly got involved in experimentation. I would appreciate it if you would report back to this committee in 3 months on what the Agency has done to notify these individuals and these institutions, and furthermore, to notify us as to what steps have been taken to identify victims, and if identified, what you have done to assist them, monetarily or otherwise.

Admiral TURNER. All right,sir. I will be happy to.

Senator GOLDWATER. Will the Senator yield?

Senator INoUYE. Yes, Sir. Senator GOLDWATER. I wonder if he could include in that report for our information only a complete listing of the individuals and theexperiments done on them, and whether they were'witting or unwitting,

volunteer or nonvolunteer, and what has been the result in each case.

I think that would be interesting.

Admiral TURNER. Fine. Yes, Sir.

Senator INOUYE. Senator Kennedy?

Senator KENNEDY. Thank you. It is your intention to notify the in

dividuals who have been the subjects of the research, is that right, Admiral Turner? Do you intend to notify those individuals? Admiral TURNER. Yes. Senator KENNEDY. If you can identify them, you intend to notify

them? Admiral TURNER. Yes. Senator KENNEDY. And you intend to notify the universities or re

search centers as well? Admiral TURNER. Senator, I am torn on that. I understand your

opening statement. I put myself in the position of the president of oneof those universities, let's say. If he were witting-if his universityhad been witting of this activity with us, he has access to all that in

formation today. If he were not witting, I

wonder if the process ofinforming him might put his institution's reputation in more jeopardythan letting them go on the way they are today, not knowing. I really

don't know the equities here.

Senator KENNEDY. Well, the problem is, all you have to do is pick upthe newspapers and you see these universities mentioned. In many instances, I think you are putting the university people at an extraordinary disadvantage, where there is a complete change of administration, and they may for one

reason or another not have information that they are under suspicion. There is innuendo; there is rumor. I cannot help but believe that it will just get smeared all over the newspapers in spite of all the security steps that have been taken.

It seems to me that those universities should be entitled to that information, so that the ones with other administrations can adapt procedures to protect those universities. The importance of preserving the independence of our research areas and the communities seems to me to

be a very fundamental kind of question about the protection of the integrity of our universities and our research centers.

Admiral TURNER. You are saying that you feel that if we identifythem privately to themselves, we can benefit them in an adequate way to cover the risk that this will lead to a more public disclosure? There are lots of the 80 who have not been identified publicly at this point.

Senator KENNEDY. I think the universities themselves should be notified. I think then the universities can take whatever steps in terms of their setting up the procedures to protect their own kinds of integrityin terms of the future. I would certainly hope that they would feel that they could make a public comment or a public statement on it. I think it is of general public interest, particularly for the people that are involved in those universities, to have some kind of awareness of whether they were used or were not used and how they were used.

I think they are entitled to it, and quite frankly, if there is a public official or an official of the university that you notify and he wants

for his own particular reasons not to have it public, I don't see why those in a lesser echelon or lower echelon who have been effectively used by it should not have the information as well.

So, I would hopethat you would notify the universities and then also indicate to the public. I can't conceive that this information will not be put out in the newspapers, and it puts the university people at an extraordinary disadvantage, and of course some of it is wrong, which is the fact of the matter, and I think some university official saying, well, it isn't so, is a lot different than if they know it is confirmed or it is not confirmed in terms of the Agency itself. I think that there is a responsibility there.

Admiral TURNER. I have great sympathy with what you are saying. I have already notified one institution because the involvement was so extensive that I thought they really needed to protect themselves, and I am most anxious to do this in whatever way will help all of the people who were perhaps unwitting participants in this, and the difficulty I will have is, I can't quite do, I think, what you suggested, in that I may not be able to tell an institution of the extent and nature of

its participation.

Senator KENNEDY. Well, you can tell them to the best of your information, and it seems to me that just because the university or an individual is going to be embarrassed is not a reason for classifying the information. So, I would hope-I mean, I obviously speak as an individual Senator, but I feel that that is an incredible disservice to the innocent individuals and, I think, a disservice to the integrity of the universities unless they are notified, to be able to develop procedures you are developing with regards to your own institution and we are trying to in terms of the Congress. Certainly the universities

are entitled to the same.

Admiral TURNER. Yes. Not all of these, of course, were unwitting.

Senator KENNEDY. That's right.

Admiral TURNER. Many of them were witting, and therefore they can take all those precautionary steps on their own, but I am perfectly open to doing this. I am only interested in doing it in a way that when identifying a university it will not lead to the public disclosure of the individuals, whom I am not allowed to disclose, and so on.

Senator KENNEDY. That could be done, it seems to me.

Admiral TURNER. So, we will see if we can devise a way of notifying these institutions on a private basis so that they can then make their own decision whether their equities are best served by their announcing it publicly or their attempting to maintain it-

Senator KENNEDY. Or you. I wonder. What if they were to ask you to announce or indicate ?

Admiral TURNER. My personal conscience, sir, at this time, is that I would be doing a disserve to these universities if I notified the public.

Senator KENNEDY. Would you meet with some university officials and ask what their views are or whether they feel that the preservation of the integrity of the universities would be better served or not? I think that would be useful to find out from small, large, private, and public universities' officials how they view the integrity

Admiral TURNER. Fine. I will phone several university presidents today who are my friends and who are not involved in this, and ask them what they think the equities would be.

Senator KENNEDY. All right. You let us know, too.

Admiral TURNER. But I am not sure that I see that there is any great benefit in my notifying the public as opposed to the university notifying them. Let him have his choice whether he wants-each institution wants to have it made public.

Senator KENNEDY. Yes. The fact would remain that the institution's

credibility would be better served if the institution's president were to

deny it and the university indicated that it did not participate in that

program than if the university were to deny it and the Agency says

nothing. It seems to me that that would be the strongest, and the only

way that that is going to be credible. I would value it if you would get

some input from universities as to what they believe is the fairest way

in terms of the preservation of the integrity of the universities.

Let me, if I could, ask on the question of the uses of these safe houses, as I understand from information that was provided to us in the course of our last committee, the testing of various drugs on individuals happened at all social levels, high and low, it happened on native Americans and also on foreign nationals. That is what I understand was the nature of the project itself.

Now, I am just wondering whether those tests were conducted at the two locations on the east coast and the west coast which were known as safe houses. To your knowledge, is that correct?

Admiral TURNER. Yes.

Senator KENNEDY. In terms of the research in this particular program, it did not go beyond the safe houses located on the east coast and the west coast? I believe I am correct on that.

Admiral TURNER. That type of unwitting testing of sort of randomly selected individuals, yes.

Senator KENNEDY. It was just located in those two places?

Admiral TURNER. To the best of our knowledge, there were only two locations. Senator KENNEDY. Well, how do we interpret randomly selected? Admiral TURNER. Well, as opposed to prisoners in a prison who were somehow selected.

Senator KENNEDY. All right. Do you know from this information how many people were recruited during this period? Admiral TURNER. No idea. Senator KENNEDY. Do you know approximately? Admiral TURNER. I asked that question the other day, and we just

don't have-apparently we are very-well, either there were no records kept of the actual numbers and types of people tested or they were destroyed.

Senator INOUYE. Senator Schweiker.

Senator SCmWEKER. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Admiral Turner, I would like to come back to the experiments which may have been conducted at the hospital research facilities which the CIA helped to finance. It wasn't clear to me from your previous answers what kind of work was done there. I gather you are unclear on that, too, from your remarks, yet I find in the CIA documentation which you have supplied us, a list describing some of the advantages the Agency hoped to gain. It says:

(a) One-sixth of the total space in the new hospital wing will be available to the Chemical Division of TSS * * * ; (b) Agency sponsorship of sensitive research

projects will be completely deniable; (c) Full professional cover will be provided for up to three biochemical employees of the Chemical Division; (4) Human patients and volunteers for experimental use will be available under controlled clinical conditions with the full supervision of

and there is a blank, something has been deleted.

It seems pretty clear to me what they intended to do in that particular wing. Doesn't it to you? Why would you go to such elaborate preparations, to buy part of the wing, bring three of your own personnel there, give them a cover, and give them access to patients? Why would you go to such trouble and expense to arrange all that, if you weren't planning to experiment on people in the hospital?

Admiral TURNER. I agree with you 100 percent, sir. Those were clearly the intentions. I have no evidence that it was carried out in that way. I am not trying to be defensive, Senator. I am only trying to be absolutely precise here.

Senator SCHWEIKER. Well, then, as to the nature of what was done there, the last paragraph on the same page of the document says, "The facilities of the hospital and the. ability to conduct controlled experimentations under safe clinical conditions using materials with which any agency connection must be completely deniable will augment and complement other programs recently taken over by TSS, such as," and then there's another deletion.

Now, the words following "such as" have been deleted. That is still classified, or at least it was removed when this document was sanitized and released. It seems to be that whatever was deleted right there would give you a pretty good clue as to what they were doing, since it says that the activities would "augment and complement other -programs" undertaken by TSS. So, I have trouble understanding why you don't know what was contemplated. Just the fact.that similar programs are referred to in the document, though what they are is still deleted, should enable you to check it out.

You could look at what went on in the similar programs mentioned following the "such as" in the classified version of this document.

Admiral TURNER. Senator, I have not said that we don't know what was contemplated being done there. We do not know what was done there.

Senator SCHWEIKER. Why did you delete that reference? Why is that still classified, that particular project of whatever it is?

Admiral TURNER. I don't know this particular case. We will get you the exact answer to that one and inform you about it, but it is quite probable that that other case is unrelated to this in the-well, not unrelated, but that that was a project that still deserves to be classified.

[The material referred to follows:] Construction of the Gorman Annex was begun in 1957 and the Annex was dedicated in March 1959. Of the several MKULTRA projects conducted at Georgetown only one involving human testing covered a time span subsequent to March 1959. Subproject 45 ran from 1955 to 1963, thus it is possible that the final four years (1959-1963) of the subproject could have been spent in the Gorman Annex. However, there is no reference to the Gorman Annex or a "new Annex" in Subproject 45 papers, neither is there any mention of the subproject moving to a new location in 1959 or later years. Authorization to contribute CIA funds toward construction of the Gorman Annex is contained in Subproject 35 of MKULTRA. Recently discovered material indicated that Dr. Geschickter continued his research for sleep-and amnesia- producing drugs under Project MKSEARCH through July 1967 at Georgetown University Hospital. But it is impossible to determine if the facilities of the Gorman Annex were involved.

Senator SCHWEIKER. I think that would give us a pretty good clue as to what was going to be done in the wing the CIA helped to finance. Was there any indication at all in the records you found that the project ultimately used cancer patients or terminally ill patients in connection with this facility? Admiral TURNER. I'm sorry. I missed your question because I was trying to get the data on the last one. I will read you the blank.

Senator SCHWEIKER. Go ahead.

Admiral TURNER. QKHILLTOP. It doesn't help you, but-

Senator SCHWEIKER. Can you tell us what that is, or is it still classified?

Admiral TURNER. I don't know, and I assume from the fact that we deleted it, it is still classified, but I will get you that answer, sir.

Senator SCHWEIKER. Thank you. I'd like to see that information.

[See p. 171 for material referred to.] *

Now my next question was: Is there any indication, Admiral, that projects in that particular center involved experimentation on terminally ill cancer patients? Admiral TURNER. I missed the first part of your question, sir. I am very sorry.

Senator SCHWEIKER. Do you have any indication that some experiments in the facility used terminally ill cancer patients as subjects? You do acknowledge in your statement and it is clar from other documents that these kinds of experiments were at some point being done somewhere. My question is, is there any indication that cancer patients or terminally ill patients were experimented with in this wing?

Admiral TURNER. Yes, it does appear there is a connection here, sir.

Senator SCHWEIKER. The other question I had relates to the development of something which has been called the perfect concussion. A series of experiments toward that end were described in the CIA documents. I wonder if you would just tell us what your understanding of perfect concussion is.

Admiral TURNER. Is that in my testimony, sir, or in some other document?

Senator SCHWEIKER. Subproject 54, MKULTRA, which involved examination of techniques to cause brain concussions and amnesia by using weapons or sound waves to strike individuals without giving warning and without leaving any clear physical marks. Someone dubbed it "perfect concussion"-maybe that was poetic license on the part of our staff rather than your poets over there. I wonder if you could just tell us what brain concussion experiments were about?

Admiral TURNER. This project, No. 54, was canceled, and never carried out.

Senator SCHWEIKER. Well, I do believe the first year of the project in 1955 was carried out by the Office of Naval Research, according to the information that you supplied us. The CIA seems to have been participating in some way at that point, because the records go on to say that the experimenter at ONR found out about CIA's role, discovered that it was a cover, and then the project was transferred to MKULTRA in 1956. Again, this is all from the backup material you have given us. So, it was canceled at some time. I am not disagreeing

with that, but apparently for at least a year or two, somebody was investigating the production of brain concussions with special blackjacks, sound waves, and other methods as detailed in the backup material.

Admiral TURNER. The data available to me is that this project was

never funded by the CIA, but I will d)uble-check that and furnish the information for the record for you as to whether there was ever any connection here and if so, what the nature of the work was.

[The material referred to follows:] Mr. Laubinger corrected his testimony regarding Subproject 54 during the September 21, 1977 hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Human Resources Committee. The relevant portion is reproduced below:

Mr. LAIBINGER. On project 54, it has got a rather sensational proposal in there, in terms of the.work that they propose to do, and you asked about the proposal

was never funded under MKULTRA. Now, I overlooked--at

and I said, in fact, it

least, my memory did not serve me correctly when I went through that file folder to see one memorandum dated January 10, 1956, which makes it quite clear, as a matter of fact, that that proposal was based on prior work that was funded by

the Agency.

Senator ScnwnxKER. By what?

Mr. LAUBINGER. By the CIA. So, that information was in their file folder. It

did not happen to be in my head when I testified.

Senator SCHWEIKER. I think I might have read you that, and that is why I argued at the time with you, because I think I had in front of me, as I recall, some indication that it was funded there. I did read that to you.

So, you did supply it to us; there is no argument about that information.

Mr. LAUBINGER. Perhaps I am sort of headstrong, myself, and in my own view, I am reading under the ULTRA project, that if it had been funded under ULTRA, it would have had a project number and identified as such. The thing that threw me was that it was funded, apparently, outside of any MKULTRA activity and it was under the normal contracting process, so that it was not

included in MKULTRA as 'any work done under that funding umbrella.

The file folder that you have and I have, right here, makes it quite clear, however, that a year's work was done through navy funding-a navy funding mechanism-on which the proposal was based that ultimately came into the

MKULTRA program. That second proposal was never funded. So, there was conflict and I, personally, I think, introduced a little bit of confusion in that in my testimony.

Senator SCHWEIKER. Well, do you agree or not agree with DOD's statement

here that even though the initial funding was navy, it was really a conduit for

the CIA?

Mr. LAUBINGER. I think that is correct.

Senator SCHWEIKER. Yes; I would appreciate that. I would like to know how it went from ONR to CIA after a year. Somebody made a decision to make that transfer, and to make this an MKULTRA subject. There had to be some sort of review that led to a decision to continue that kind of concussion-total blackout, maximum amnesia, and whatever else it was you were interested in-study and testing. Mr. LAUBINGER. Senator, if I may try to say a few words on that, the files that were available to us for inspection, which are limited, indicated that there was a project being carried on by the Navy having to do with the effects of brain concussion. The CIA developed an interest in that, and considered funding it, but actually never did, and as the admiral testified, the MKULTRA is merely a funding mechanism, a place they go for money to do such things, but there is no evidence

that I know of that that project was ever funded.

Senator SCHWEIKER. Well, I am confused, because here again is another quote from a document that we have seen, which you have

re

leased and supplied to us:

Following is the technical progress made under the current [deleted] contract:

(a) Specialized instrumentation and testing techniques numerous

developed to obtain the desired dynamic data; have been

(b) considerable data has now been obtained supporting the resonance-cav~ilation theory of brain concussion; and

(c) preliminary accelerationi threshold data has been obtained for a fluid-filled

glass simulated skull. It goes on 2

to talk about a blast range and a ,500-square-foot labora

tory. The document notes that "Three blast test series have been run

to date." It describes a special blackjack device, "a pancake-type black

jack giving a high peak impact force with a low unit surface pressure."

I agree the records are inconclusive as to the results of this work,

but it certainly

seems that some testing was done.

Mr. LAUBINGER. Senator, you

are putting us in the same positionI think you were stating that you were in earlier in referring to docu

nments not before us, but I

believe you

are quoting from a proposaLthat someone sent to the Agency to fund this work, and he is referring

to past work. The past work would have encompassed a lot of things

like that, but CIA was not involved with that.

Senator SCHWETKER. What do you mean, Admiral, on page 6 of your

testimony when you mention projects using magician's art? How do

magicians get into the spook business?

Admiral TURNER. I have interpreted this as to how to slip the mickey

into the finn, but I would like to ask my advisers here to comment.

Mr. Bory. I think that is essentially it, Senator. It is surreptitious

administration of material

to someone, deceptive practices, how todistract someone's attention while you are doing something else, as

I understand it. It was also some

type of a covert communicationproject involved with the study of how magicians and their assistants

perhaps communicate mformation to one another without having otherpeople know it. This is

the type of thing that was involved, sir.

Senator SCHWEIKER. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Senator INoUYE. Senator Huddleston?

Senator HUDDLESTON. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Admiral, in your checking these newly discovered documents and

interviewing members of the CIA staff, did you find information thatwould confirm the contention described by the reporters for the New York Times that this type of experimentation was begun out of a fear at the Agency that foreign powers might have had drugs which would allow them to alter the behavior of American citizens or agents or members of the Armed Forces who were taken into custody, and

which would have resulted in false confessions and the like? Is myquestion clear?

Admiral TURNER. Yes, sir. I haven't personally read the documentation on that. In my discussions with the people who are well informed in this area at the Agency, I am told that that is the case.

Senator HUDDLESTON. Was there any evidence or any indication that there were other motives that the Agency might also be looking for (1-ugs that could be applied for other purposes, such as debilitating an

individual or even killing another person? Was this part of this kind of experimentation?

Admiral TURNER. Yes; I think there is. I have not seen in this series of documentation evidence of desire to kill, but I think the project turned its character from a defensive to an offensive one as it went along, and there certainly was an intention here to develop drugs that could be of use.

Senator HUDDLESTON. The project continued for some time after it was learned that, in fact, foreign powers did not have such a drug as was at first feared, didn't it?

Admiral TURNER. That is my understanding. Yes, sir.

Senator HUDDLESTON. Is there any indication that knowledge gained as a result of these experiments has been useful or is being applied in any way to present operations?

Mr. BRODY. Senator, I am not sure if there is any body of knowledge. A great deal of what there was, I gather, was destroyed in 1973. I would like to defer to Frank here. Do you know of any?

Mr. LAUBINGER. I know of no drugs or anything like that developed under this program that ever reached operational use or are in use -today.Senator HUDDLESTON. So apparently any information that was gathered was apparently useless and not worth continuing, not worth

further development on the part of the Agency. Mr. LAUBINGER. I am having difficulty hearing your questions. Senator HUDDLESTON. I can hardly hear myself. Admiral TURNER. I think the answer to your question is that we have

no evidence of great usefulness on this, and yet I think we should remember-

Senator HUDDLESTON. Well, is it accurate to say that this experimentation produced few useful results or had little application at all to the operations of the Agency or anybody else as far as we know?

Admiral TURNER. I think that is basically correct. At the same time, I would point out that we had two CIA prisoners in China and one in the Soviet Union at this time, and we were concerned as to what kinds of things might be done to them, but I am not saying that-

Senator HUDDLESTON. Have you detected any sign that any other nation is continuing or has in the past conducted experiments similar to this or with a similar objective? Admiral TURNER. I am not prepared to answer that one off the top of my head, sir, but I will get it to you. [The material referred to follows:]

We maintain no files of up-to-date information on. the testing of drugs in foreign countries. Some years ago we occasionally would review foreign research on antibiotics and pharmaceuticals in connection with public bhealth and civil defense assesments. For a few years beginning in 1949 we assessed foreign

research on LSD under Project ARTICHOKE because of concern that such drugs might be employed. gainst Agency and other U.S. personnel. Information relative to this work has already been provided to relevant Committees. In this early work we also occasionally looked at foreign human experimentation; we long ago eliminated our holdings on this subject and no collection requirements are any longer served. As consumer interest in this area has dropped off and higher priority areas need attention, we have virtually no present coverage with the possible exception of an occasional scanning of the literature for a

specific program. To the best of our knowledge no other unit in the Intelligence Community is tracking this subject now.

Senator HUDDLESTON. You don't know whether any of your agentsanywhere in the world have been subjected to any kind of procedure

like this?

Admiral TURNER. We certainly know of other powers conducting

research in these areas, yes.

Senator HUDDLESTON. Do you know how they go about that research?

Admiral TURNER. It is pretty sketchy, the information we have.

Senator HUDDLESTON. Do you know of any other organization in this

country or any institution that has conducted extensive research

onunwitting individuals and through unwitting institutions?

Admiral TURNER. Well, I have read something in the newspapersabout this, but I have not familiarized myself with it in specifics. Senator HUDDLESTON. It is not a normal mode of operation for hu

man research, is it?

Admiral TURNER. No, sir.

Senator HUDDLESTON. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Senator INOUYE. Senator Wallop?

Senator WVALLOP. Mr. Chairman, I only have one to follow up on

Senator Huddleston's questions and my earlier ones. You are not reallysaying, are

you, Admiral Turner, that there are no mind-altering

drugs or behavior modification procedures which have been used byforeign powers? Adiniral TURNER. No, sir, I am not. Senator WALLOP. I drew that inference partly in answer to my question that you knew of no truth serum. Maybe that is a misnomer, but

surely there are relaxants that make tongues looser than they would otherwise be. Isn't that true? Admiral TURNER. Yes. Senator WALLOP. So I think it is fair to say, too, that the experience

of many American prisoners of war in the Korean conflict would indicate that there are behavior modification procedures in use byforeign powers of a fairly advanced degree of sophistication.

Admiral TURNER. Yes, sir.

Senator WALLOP. Again, I will just go back and say I think this must have been part of the motivation. I don't think you would have mentioned Cardinal Mindszenty had you thought his behavior was normal at the time or had anybody else. So, I would just again sayI think it is a little bit scapegoating. I don't think the object of this hearing is in any way to lay blame on those passed or those dead or

otherwise, but I think it is a little bit scapegoating to say that it stopped with the directors of the CIA or the DCI's of the time. Also I think it is a little bit scapegoating to say they didn't even know it, but that it was some lower echelon acting alone.

I think this was a behavior pattern that was prevalent in those years, and I think the object lesson is that we have discovered, wethink and we hope, through your assurances and other activities of the Congress, means of avoiding future incidents of that kind. I thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Senator INOUYE. Senator Chafee?

Senator CTrAFEE. No questions.

Senator INOUYE. Senator Kennedy, I think you have another question.

Senator KENNEDY. Just talking about the two safe houses on the east and west coast as being the sources for the unwitting trials, now, the importance of this and the magnitude of it, I think, is of significance, because we have seen from your records that these were used over a period of 8 or 9 years, and the numbers could have been considerable. You are unable to determine, at least in your own research, what the numbers would be and what the drugs were, how many people were involved, but it could have been considerable during this period of time.

It would certainly appear to me in examining the documents and the flow charts of cash slips that were expended in these areas that it was considerable, but that is a judgmental factor on it, but I think it is important to try and find out what the Agency is attempting to do to get to the bottom of it.

Now, the principal agent that was involved as I understand it is deceased and has been deceased for 2 years. The overall agent, Mr. Gottlieb, has indicated a fuzzy memory about this whole area. He has testified before the Intelligence Committee. Yet he was responsible for the whole program. Then, the Director had indicated the destruction of the various materials and unfamiliarity with the project.

Now, you have indicated in your testimony today that there are two additional agents on page 9 of your testimony, you indicated there are two additional agents which you have uncovered at the bottom of it, and you say, the names of CIA officials who approved or monitored the various projects. You talk about the two additional agents in your testimony.

Now, I am just wondering if you intend to interview those agents to find out exactly what is being done. I suppose, first of all, shouldn't the project manager know what was being done?

Admiral TURNER. Our first problem, Senator, is that we have been unable to associate an individual with those names at this point. We are still burrowing to find out who these people are. We haven't identified them as having been CIA employees, and we don't know whether these were false names.

Senator KENNEDY. You are tracking that down, as I understand it?

Admiral TURNER. Yes, sir.

Senator KENNEDY. You are tracking that down, and you have every intention of interviewing those people to find out whatever you can about the program and project? Admiral TURNER. My only hesitation here is whether I will do this or the Justice Department.

Senator KENNEDY. It will be pursued, though, I understand?

Admiral TURNER. Yes, sir.

Senator KENNEDY. Either through the Agency or through the Justice Department? Admiral TURNER. [Nods in the affirmative.] Senator KENNEDY. Is it plausible that the director of the program

would not understand or know about the details of the program? Is it plausible that Dr. Gottlieb would not understand the full range of activities in those particular safe houses?

4

96-408 0 -77

Admiral TURNER. Let me say it is unlikely. I don't know Mr. Gottlieb. Senator KENNEDY. Has anybody in the Agency talked with Mr.

Gottlieb to find out about this?

Admiral TURNER. Not since this revelation has come out.

Senator KENNEDY. Not since this revelation? Well, why not?

Armiral TURNER. He has left our employ, Senator.

Senator KENNEDY. Does that mean that anybody who leaves is, youknow, covered for lifetime?

Admiral TURNER. No, sir.

Senator KENNEDY. Why wouldn't you talk with him and find out? You have new information about this program. It has been a matter of considerable interest both to our committee and to the Intelligence Committee. Why wouldn't you talk to Mr. Gottlieb?

Admiral TURNER. Well, again, I think the issue is whether this should be done by the Justice Department or ourselves. Senator KENNEDY. Well, are we wrestling around because you and Attorney General Bell can't agree-

Admiral TURNER. No, sir.

Senator KENNEDY [continuing]. On who ought to do it?

Admiral TURNER. We are proceeding together in complete agreement as to how to go. I have, in connection with trying to find all of these Americans or others who were unwittingly tested, I have some considerable concern about the CIA running around this country interviewing and interrogating people, because I don't want to give any impression that we are doing domestic intelligence.

Senator KENNEDY. I am just talking about one, in this case. That was the man who was responsible for the whole program, and to find out whether anyone within the Agency since you have had this new material has talked to Gottlieb since 1975, and if the answer is no, I want to know why not.

Admiral TURNER. The reason he was not interviewed in connection with the 1975 hearings was that he had left the employ of the CIA and there was a concern on the part of the Agency that it would appear to the investigators that the CIA was in some way trying to influence him and influence his testimony before the committee. If these committees have no objection, we would be happy to contact Dr. Gottlieb and see if he can augment anything here in this new information, though I don't think there is much in this new information that he can add to as opposed to what was available in 1975.

Senator KENNEDY. Well, you see, Admiral Turner, you come to the two committees this morning and indicate that now at last we have the information. We don't have to be concerned about anything in the future on it. Now, I don't know how you can give those assurances to the members of these committees as well as to the American people when you haven't since 1975 even talked to the principal person that was in charge of the program, and the records were destroyed. He is the fellow that was running the program, and the Agency has not talked to him since the development of this new material.

Admiral TURNER. Our only concern here is the proprieties involved, and we will dig into this and work with the Justice Department on

who, if either of us, should get into discussions with Dr. Gottlieb so as not to prejudice any legal rights that may be involved 'here, or to appear in any way to be improper.

Senator KENNEDY. Well, do I understand you have not contacted the Justice Department about this particular case since the development of this new material about Gottlieb?

Admiral TURNER. Not about Gottlieb specifically. We have contacted him.

Senator KENNEDY. Well, it is amazing to me. I mean, can you understand the difficulty that any of us might have in terms of comprehending that when you develop a whole new series of materials that are on the front page of every newspaper in the country and are on every television, I mean, that means something, but it does not mean nearly as much as the interest that we have in the fact about the testing of unwitting Americans, and every single document that the staff reviews has Mr. Gottlieb's name on it and you come up to tell us that we don't have to worry any more, we have these other final facts, and Mr. Gottlieb has not been talked to?

Admiral TURNER. Sir, I am not saying that these are in any way the final facts. I am saying these are all the facts we have available.

Senator KENNEDY. And you have not talked to the person who was in charge of the program, so what kind of value or what kind of weight can we give it?

Admiral TURNER. We are happy to talk to him. I thinkthe issue here again is one of propriety and how to go about this. We have not, I believe, enough new information about Gottlieb's participation here to signal that his interview would be that much more revealing than what was revealed in 1975.

Senator KENNEDY. The importance of it, I think, from our point of view, is, he would know the drugs that were administered, the volume of drugs, how it was administered, and in terms of your ability to follow up to protect these people and their health, to the extent that it can be done, that opportunity is being lost.

I want to get on to some others, but will you give us the assurance that you will get ahold of Gottlieb or that you will talk to Attorney General Bell and talk with Gottlieb?

Admiral TURNER. Yes, sir.

Senator KENNEDY. And let us know as to the extent of it. I don't see how we can fufill our responsibility in this area on the drug testing without our hearing from Gottlieb as well, but I think it is important that you do so, particularly since all of the materials have been destroyed.

These other two agents, have they talked to them?

Admiral TURNER. We don't know who they are, sir. We are trying to track down and see whether these names can be releated to anybody. Senator KENNEDY. That is under active investigation by the Agency? Admiral TURNER. Yes, sir. Senator KENNEDY. And you have the intention of talking to those people when you locate them. Is that correct?

Admiral TURNER. Yes, sir, under the same circumstances as Gottlieb.

Senator KENNEDY. And you have people working on it?

Admiral TURNER. Yes, sir.

Senator KENNEDY. With regards to the activities that took place in these safe houses, as I understand from the records, two-way mirrors were used. Is that your understanding?

Admiral TURNER. Yes, sir. We have records that construction was done to put in two-way mirrors. Senator KENNEDY. And they were placed in the bedroom, as I

understand.

[Pause.]

Senator KENNEDY. Well, we have documents

Admiral TURNER. I believe that was in the Church record, but I

don't have the details.

Senator KENNEDY. And rather elaborate decorations were added, as I understand, at least, to the one in San Francisco, in the bedroom, which are French can-can dancers, floral pictures, drapery, including installation of bedroom mirrors, three framed Toulouse Lautrec posters with black silk mats, and a number of other-red bedroom curtains and recording equipment, and then a series of documents which were provided to the committee which indicate a wide proliferation of different cash for $100, generally in the $100 range over any period of time on the particular checks. Even the names are blocked out, as to the person who is receiving it. Cash for undercover agents, operating expenses, drinks, entertainment while administering, and then it is dashed out, and then the other documents, that would suggest, at least with the signature of your principal agent out there, that" called to the operation, midnight, and climax."

What can you tell us that it might suggest to you about what techniques were being used by the Agency in terms of reaching that sort of broad-based group of Americans that were being evidently enticed for testing in terms of drugs and others? Do you draw any kind of conclusion about what might have been going on out there in these safe houses?

Admiral TURNER. No, sir.

[General laughter.]

Senator KENNEDY. There is a light side to it, but there is also an enormously serious side. And that is that at least the techniques which are used or were used in terms of testing, and trying to find out exactly the range of drugs used and the numbers of people involved and exactly what that operation was about, as well as the constant reiteration of the use of small sums of cash at irregular intervals. A variety of different techniques were employed but there is an awful lot of documentation putting these matters together.

When you look at the fact that it is a broad range population that has been tested, tested in these two areas, with the kind of cash slips that were used in this, payment mechanisms and decorations and all of the rest, we are not able to put a bottom line on it but one thing is for sure, and that is, Gottlieb knows. That is one thing for sure, because his name appears on just about every one of these documents, and it is, I think, very important to find out what his understanding is of the nature of that. So, we will hear more about that.

Admiral TURNER. I believe Gottlieb has been interviewed by the Congress. Senator KENNEDY. That's right, he has, and in reviewing the record, it is not very satisfactory, and it just seems with the new information

and the new documentation and the new memoranda-and he did not

have the checks at that time-and with the wide variety of different

memoranda with his name on it, his memory could be stimulated on

that.

Thank you.

Senator INOUYE. I would like to thank the admiral and his staff for participating in this hearing. I believe the record should show that this hearing was held at the request of the Agency and the admiral. It was not held because we insisted upon it. It was a volunteer effort on the part of the Agency. I think the record should also indicate that Ad

miral Turner has forwarded to this committee a classified file including all of the names of the institutions and the persons involved as the experimentors.

I should also indicate that this hearing is just one step involved in the committee's investigation of drug abuse. Just as you have had much work in going over the 8,000 pages, the staff of this committee has had equal problems, but I would like the record to show that you have made these papers and documents available to the committee. I thank you for that.

As part of the ongoing investigation, we had intended to call upon many dozens of others, experimentors, or those officials in charge, and one of those will be Dr. Gottlieb.

In thanking you, I would like to say this to the American people, that what we have experienced this morning in this committee room is not being duplicated in any other committee room in any other part of the world. I doubt that very much. Our Agency and our intelligence community has been under much criticism and has been subjected to much abuse, in many cases justified, but this is the most open society that I can think of. For example, in Great Britain there are about six people who are aware of the identity of the man in charge of intelligence. In other countries, similar conditions exist. Here in the United States we not only know Admiral Turner, we have had open hearings with him, such as this. The confirmation hearings were all open.

In a few weeks, the Senate of the United States will debate a resolution to decide upon whether we should disclose the amounts and funds being used for counterintelligence and national intelligence. I would hope that in presenting this issue to the public, the media will take note that the Agency has cooperated and will continue to. The abuse that we have learned about this morning is one I hope will never happen again, but without constant oversight on the part of the Executive Office, on the part of the Congress, it could happen again. It is important therefore that we continue in this oversight activity.

So, once again, Admiral, I thank you very much for helping us. We will continue to call upon you for your assistance. We would like to submit to you several questions that the members and staff have prepared. We hope you will look them over carefully and prepare responses for the record, sir.

Senator KENNEDY. Mr. Chairman ?

Senator INOUYE. Yes, sir?

Senator KENNEDY. I, too, want to thank Admiral Turner for his responsiveness. I have had meetings with him in the committees and also conversations, telephone conversations, and private meetings, and

I have found him personally to be extremely responsive, and it is a very difficult challenge which he has accepted in heading this Agency. I want you to know, personally, I, too, would like to see this put behind us. I don't think we are quite there yet in terms of this particular area that we are interested in. I think the Intelligence Committee has special responsibilities in this area of the testing, so we look forward to working with you in expediting the time that we can put it behind, but it does seem to me that we have to dig in and finish the chapter. So, I want to personally express my appreciation to you, Admiral Turner, and thank you for your cooperation and your help, and I look forward to working with you.

Admiral TURNER. Thank you.

Senator HUDDLESTON. Mr. Chairman, I am not sure you emphasized this enough, but I think the record ought to show that Admiral Turner informed the Select Committee on his own initiative when the new documentation was found. The documentation has been made available to us voluntarily, in a spirit of cooperation.

I think this shows a vast difference from the mode of operation that existed prior to the formation at least of the Church committee, and a difference that is very helpful. Senator INOUYE. Thank you very much. Thank you very much, Admiral. We would now like to call upon Mr. Philip Goldman and Mr. John Gittinger. Mr. Goldman and Mr. Gittinger, will you please rise and take the oath. Do you solemly swear that the testimony you are about to give is

the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth, so help you, God?

Mr. GOLDMAN. I do.

Mr. GITTINGER. I do.

Senator INouYE. Thank you, sir.

Mr. Goldman, will you identify yourself, and after that, Mr. Gittinger.

Senator KENNEDY. Before we start in, we had a third witness, Mr. Chairman, Mr. Pasternac, who planned to testify, traveled to Wash- ington-he lives in Washington, and was contacted recently-with the intention of testifying this morning. And something-he called us late this morning and indicated that he wanted to get a counsel before he would wish to testify.

Senator INOUYE. Mr. Goldman.

Mr. Goldman, will you identify yourself, sir.

TESTIMONY OF PHILIP GOLDMAN, FORMER EMPLOYEE, CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY

Mr. GOLDMAN. I am Philip Goldman.

Senator INOUYE. And you are a former employee of the. Central Intelligence Agency?

Mr. GOLDMAN. Over 10 years ago.

Senator INOUYE. And you were employed at the time when MKULTIRA was in operation?

Mr. GoLDMAN. There were some MKULTRA's in operation at the time I was there.

Senator INoUYE. And Mr. John Gittinger, are you a former employee of the Central Intelligence Agency?

TESTIMONY OF JOHN GITTINGER, FORMER EMPLOYEE, CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY

Mr. GITINGER. I am.

Senator INOuYE. Are you still an employee?

Mr. GITINGER. No.

Senator INouYE. Were you a member of the Agency at the time MKULTRA was in operation?

Mr. GITINGER. Yes.

Senator INouYE. Thank you. Senator Kennedy.

Senator KENNEDY. I want to welcome both of you to the committee.

If we could start with Mr. Goldman. Were you the project engineer for the safe houses in either San Francisco or New York? Mr. GOLDMAN. I-know of -nosafei-ouse irrSan Francisco. Senator KENNEDY. How about in New York? Mr. GOLDMAN. I knew of one facility that was established there, but I didn't know anything of its operation.

Senator KENNEDY. Were you a monitor on any testing of drugs on unwitting persons in San Francisco? Mr. GOLDMAN. No. Senator KENNEDY. Well, we have a classified document here that was

provided by the Agency that lists your name as a monitor of the program and I would appreciate it if you would look- Mr. GOLDMAN. I think the misunderstanding arises because I was project officer.

Senator KENNEDY. Well, would you take a look at that?

[Mr. Goldman inspected the document.]

Mr. GOLDMAN. This document as it states is correct. However, my- Senator KENNEDY. That document is correct? Mr. GOLDMAN. As far as I see on the first page, the project. But my-

Senator KENNEDY. Well, could I get it back, please.

That would indicate that you were a monitor of the program.

Mr. GOLDMAN. I was in charge of disbursing the moneys to MorganHall.

Senator KENNEDY. To whom was that?

Mr. GOLDMAN. To the individual whose name was listed at the top

of that document. Senator KENNEDY. And you knew that he was running the projectin San Francisco? Mr. GOLDMAN. I knew he was the person who was in charge out

there.

Senator KENNEDY. All right.

Mr. GOLDMAN. But I had no knowledge nor did I seek knowledge of

actually what he was doing, because there would be other things

involved.

I did receive

Senator KENNEDY. What were you doing?

Mr. GOLDMAN. I was collecting-I had to be sure that all the re

ceipts that ever were turned in balanced with the moneys that were

paid out to see that everything was run all right. There was no illegal

use of funds as far as we could determine by the receipts and cash.

Senator KENNEDY. So even though the Agency document indicates that you were a monitor for the program, one of the few monitors of that particular program which you mentioned for San Francisco and Mill Valley, Calif., you described your responsibility only as a carrier of money, is that correct?

Mr. GOLDMAN. I would say as a disburser or carrying out-seeing that the moneys were handled properly. There was within that-I don't know what's done or what he did do in conjunction with other people.

Senator KENNEDY. Were you responsible for the disbursement of

all the funds?

Mr. GOLDMAN. I was responsible for turning over the check to him.

Senator KENNEDY. And what did you know of the program itself?

Mr. GOLDMAN. The only thing I knew of the program was what he

furnished us in terms of receipts and that sort of thing. I didn't indulge or concern myself in that.

Senator KENNEDY. You still wrote, and I'll let you examine itit's a classified document-but you wrote a rather substantive review of the program in May of 1963, talking about the experiments, the factual data that had been collected, covert and realistic field trials, albout the necessity of those particular-and talked about the effectiveness of the various programs, the efficiency of various delivery systems. That doesn't sound to me like someone who is only-

Mr. GOLDMAN. Well, if you would refresh my memory, if I could read this I would certainly agree with whatever is said there, if it was written.

Senator KENNEDY. I am trying to gather what your role was. You've indicated first of all that you didn't know about-you knew about a safe house in New York; now we find out that you're the carrier for the resources as well and the agent in San Francisco. We find out now that the CIA put you as a monitor. You're testifying that you only were the courier, and here we have just one document, and there are many others that talk about the substance of that program with your name on it and I am just trying to find out exactly what role you were playing.

Mr. GOIDMAN. The only thing I can tell you about this and I am drawing completely on my memory is that this individual who was in charge out there conducted these things and reported them back to the Afrency. I didn't participate in any of them. All I know was that he furnished me with receipts for things that were done and told of the work that they had done.

Senator KENNEnY. Well, that document covers more than receipts.

Mr. GOLDMAN. Yes, it tells of what-they had conducted work out there.

Senator KENNEDY. It describes, does it not? Read the paragraph 2.

Mr. GOT DMAN. "A numher of covert"

Senator KENNEDY. Well, you can't read it, it's a classified document,

and I don't know why, quite frankly, but it relates to the substance

of those programs and your name is signed to the memorandums on it. I am not interested in you trying to review for us now what is in the document, but I think it would be unfortunate if we were left with the opinion that all you were was a courier of resources when we see a document with your name on it, signed, that talks about the substance of the program. And what we're interested in is the substance of the program. We have the recent documents that were provided by the Agency, which do indicate that you were at least involved in the substance, and I'm just trying to find out whether you're willing to tell us about that.

Mr. GOLDMAN. I am perfectly willing to tell you everything that

I can remember.

Senator KENNEDY. But you can't remember anything.

Mr. GOLDMAN. I can't remember the substantive parts of these things, I really can't.

Senator KENNEDY. Of the program that was taking place.

Do you have any greater familiarity with what was happening in New York? Mr. GOLDMAN. No, no. Senator KENNEDY. And you have the same function with regards to New York?

Mr. GOLDMAN. The same function with regard to New York.

Senator KENNEDY. Did you ever go to San Francisco?

Mr. GOLDMAN. Yes.

Senator KENNEDY. Did you meet with the agent in charge?

Mr. GOLDMAN. Yes.

Senator KENNEDY. And why aid you meet with him?

Mr. GOLDMAN. To discuss some of the receipts and things that were there to find out if these were indeed true expenditures and to find out if everything was going along all right for the work that was being

done.

Senator KENNEDY. What work was being done?

Mr. GOLDMAN. No, the reports of these things and whatever was being done. I don't know who he reported to but he did report to somebody.

Senator KENNEDY. You travel out there to find out about the work that's being done, and what does he tell you, that the work is being done well and-

Mr. GOLDMAN. He told me that the work that they were doing was going along, progressing satisfactorily, but to be very frank with you-

Senator KENNEDY. But he didn't tell you what the work was?

Mr. GOLDMAN. To be very frank with you, Senator, I cannot re

member the things that happened back in those days. I've been away from the company-from the Agency for over 10 years, and that is even farther back than that, and that was just about the time when I first engaged in this, so it was my first-

Senator KENNEDY. Did they disburse a series of $100 checks, to your recollection?

Mr. GOLDMAN. I don't recollect it, but if you have it there, then they did.

Senator KENNEDY. Did you know Dr. Gottlieb?

Mr. GOLDMAN. Yes.

Senator KENNEDY. How did you know Dr. Gottlieb? Mr. GOLDMAN. He had been head of the division when I was recruited. Senator KENNEDY. Did you talk to him about these programs? Did you have anything to do with him during this period of time? Mr. GOLDMAN. I didn't have anything to do with him until I would say probably in the sixties. Senator KENNEDY. And can you tell us what you had to do with him then?

Mr. GOLDMAN. Just what you see there on the papers.

Senator KENNEDY. Well, that is the request for the money and he approves it.

Mr. GOLDMAN. That is the request for money and he approves it, and I am quite sure that I probably discussed with him whether the work was going along all right, whether his reports were being turned in, and whether he was satisfied with the way things were going and did he have any complaints about the way other people were requesting him, but I did not engage myself in anything he was doing.

Senator KENNEDY. Well, did you get the impression that Gottlieb knew what was going on?

Mr. GOLDMAN. I didn't ask.

Senator KENNEDY. But you told him that your impression that what was going on even though you didn't know what was going on, was going on well, I guess? [Laughter.]

Mr. GOLDMAN. I told Gottlieb what you saw in there was that the things appeared to be going along all right. I was repeating and parroting back the words that were giveh to me while I was there.

Senator KENNEDY. What was the money being spent for, do you know?

Mr. GOLDMAN. No; I can't recall that, sir.

Senator KENNEDY. Would you remember if we told you it was red curtains and can-can pictures-

Mr. GOLDMAN. No, sir.

Senator KENNEDY. Floral pictures and the rest.

Mr. GOLDMAN. No, sir.

Senator KENNEDY. Recorders.

Mr. GOLDMAN. No, sir.

Senator KENNEDY. Recorders and two-way mirrors.

Mr. GOLDMAN. Wait, hold on. You're slipping a word in there now.

Senator KENNEDY. But you would have authorized those funds, would you not, since you were the-

Mr. GOLDMAN. Did you say two-way mirrors?

Senator KENNEDY. Yes.

Mr. GOLDMAN. Where?

Senator KENNEDY. In the safe houses.

Mr. GOLDMAN. Where?

Senator KENNEDY. San Francisco.

Mr. GOLDMAN. No.

Senator KENNEDY. How about New York?

Mr. GOLDMAN. Yes.

Senator KENNEDY. You remember now that you approved expenditures for New York?

Mr. GOLDMAN. Yes.

Senator KENNEDY. What were those expenditures for?

Mr. GOLDMAN. That was a transfer of money over for the use in an

apartment in New York by the Bureau of Narcotics. It was for

their use. Senator KENNEDY. Do you have any knowledge of what was going

on in the apartment?

Mr. GOLDMAN. No, sir, other than I know that it had been used, ac

cording to the information that I have been given, it was used by the

Bureau of Narcotics to make meetings with individuals who they were

interested in with regard to pushing dope-not pushing dope, but selling narcotics and that sort of thing. Senator KENNEDY. Well, I am sure you had many responsibilities andit's a long time ago, but the Agency does indicate that you were project

monitor for that particular program.

Mr. GOLDMAN. That's correct.

Senator KENNEDY. Your own testimony indicates you went out to re

view the expenditures of funds to find out whether they were beingwisely used, that you came back and talked to the project director, Mr.

Gottlieb, to give him a progress report about what was going on out

there.

Mr. GOLDMAN. Yes, sir, I did.

Senator KENNEDY. All those things are true, and yet you draw a

complete blank in terms of what was the project itself. That's wherethe record is now.

Mr. GOLDMAN. I did not go out there to review the projects nor didI come back and talk with Mr. Gottlieb and review what I had observedin terms of any projects that they-that is, other parts of the Agencymight have in operation there. I simply reported back those thingswhich were told to me by the individual out there who-and I carried them back and they are contained in the report that you have in front of you, word for word, just as it was given to me.

Senator KENNEDY. The report that you examined here is a substantive report on the particular program and project. And I don't think anyone who wasn't familiar with the project-this is a personal evalu

ation-could write a report on the substance of it without knowingabout it. Now, that's mine. Maybe you can't remember and recollect,

and that's- Mr. GOLDMAN. No; everything I put down in there is things that I was told while I was out there, and if there was any -ancillary informa

tion involved in there I can tell you I just don't remember that. I reallydon't.

At the time-that was some years ago. At the time-a lot of time has passed since then and I have made quite sure that if I could recollect it at all, I would do it. If you have some papers and you want me to certify whether yes, this is so or that is so, I can do that, but I can't recall it mentally.

Senator KENNEDY. You just certified the principal. There are others

up here.

I would like togo to Dr. Gittinger.

Mr. GINGER. It's Mr. Gittinger.

Senator KENNEDY. How long did you serve with the Agency?

Mr. GIrrNGER. Twenty-six years.

Senator KENNEDY. Excuse me?

Mr. GITINGER. Twenty-six years.,

Senator KENNEDY. Twenty-six years.

And at some point you moved into the operational support side, is that correct?

Mr. GrlINGER. Yes.

Senator KENNEDY. And did you know Sidney Gottlieb?

Mr. GirrINGER. Yes, sir.

Senator KENNEDY. And did he inform you about the research projects involving LSD? Mr. GITTINGER. Yes, sir. Senator KENNEDY. It is my understanding that you were also aware

of some of the drug testing projects conducted on unwitting subjects on the west coast using the Bureau of Narcotics people in the operation.

Is that true? Mr. GITTINGER. I was. Senator INOUYE. Excuse me. Would you speak into the microphone? I cannot hear you.

Mr. GITTINGER. Sorry.

Senator KENNEDY. Do you know which drugs were involved in those tests?

Mr. GIrrINGER. LSD. And I can't remember for sure much of the others. What is the substance of marihuana, cannabis, is that right, that can be delivered by other than smoking?

Senator KENNEDY. Cannabis?

Mr. GITTINGER. There had been some discussion of that; yes.

Senator KENNEDY. And was heroin also used?

Mr. GITTINGER. Heroin used by CIA?

Senator KENNEDY. No. In the west coast operation.

Mr. GITINGER. Absolutely not.

Senator KENNEDY. Now, to your knowledge, how were the drugs administered to the unwitting subjects? Mr. GIrTINGER. I have no direct knowledge. Senator KENNEDY. Why did you go to the safe houses? Mr. GITTINGER. It's a very complicated story. Just in justification of

myself, this came up just day before yesterday. I have not really had enough time to get it all straightened in my mind, so I ramble. Senator KENNEDY. Well, you take your time and tell us in your own words. We've got some time here.

Mr. GITTINGER. My responsibilities which would involve any of the period of time that you were talking about really was not -directly related to drugs at all. I was a psychologist charged with the responsibility of trying to develop as much information as I could on various cultures, overseas cultures, anthropological type data, if you follow what I mean. I was also engaged in trying to work out ways and means of assessing people and understanding people.

I originally became involved in this through working on Chinese culture, and over a series of time I was introduced to the problem of brainwashing, which is the thing that really was the most compelling thing in relationship to this, and became charged with the responsibility of trying to find out a little bit about interrogation techniques.

And among other things, we decided or I decided that one of the best sources of interrogation techniques would be trying to locate and interview and become involved with experienced police interrogators in the country and experienced people who had real practical knowledge of interrogation. The reason for this is that we had become pretty well convinced after the experience of the brainwashing problems coming out of China, that it was the techniques of the interrogators that were causing the individuals to make confessions and so forth in relationship to this, rather than any kind of drugging and so forth. So we were very much interested in interrogation techniques, and this led to me being introduced to the agent in the west coast, and I began to talk to him in connection with these interrogation techniques.

Senator KENNEDY. OK. Now, that is the agent that ran the tests on the west coast on the unwitting people. That's where you come in, correct?

Mr. GirrlNGER. If I understand-would you say that again?

Senator KENNEDY. The name Morgan Hall has been-that is the name that has been used. Mr. GrINGER. Yes. Senator KENNEDY. And that is the agent that you met with. Mr. GIrrlNGER. That is right. Senator KENNEDY. And you met at the safe house. Mr. GIrrINGER. Yes, sir. Senator KENNEDY. Whom did you meet with in the safe house?

Mr. GITTINGER. This is the part that is hard for me to say, and I am sorry that I have to. In connection with some work that we were doing, we needed to have some information on sexual habits. Morgan Hall provided informants for me to talk to in connection with the sex habits that I was interested in trying to find information. During one period of time the safe house, as far as I was concerned, was used for just these particular type of interviews. And I didn't see the red curtains.

Senator KENNEDY. Those were prostitutes, were they?

Mr. GITTINGER. Yes, sir.

Senator KENNEDY. How many different times were you there that you had similar-

Mr. GITTINGER. I couldn't possibly say with any certainty on that. Four or five times.

Senator KENNEDY. Four or five times.

Mr. GirrlNGER. Over-you remember now, the period that I'm talking about when I would have any involvement in this is from about 1956 to 1961. So it's about a 4-or 5-year period which is the only time that I know anything about what you are talking about here today. Senator KENNEDY. Did Morgan Hall make the arrangements for

the prostitutes to meet with you?

Mr. GITTINGER. Yes, sir.

Senator KENNEDY. Did the interviews that you had have anything to do with drugs?

Mr. GIrrINGER. Well, as I tried to explain earlier when this was being discussed a little bit beforehand, again I think it is pretty hard for most people now to recognize how little there was known about drugs at the period of time that we are talking about, because the

drug age or the drug culture comes later on. Consequently, those of

us who had any responsibility in this area were interested in trying to

get as much information as we could on the subculture, the subculture

drug groups, and obviously the Bureau of Narcotics represented a

means of doing this. Consequently, other types of things that were

involved in discussions at that time would have to do with the under

ground use of drugs.. When 1 am talking about this I am talking about the folkways in terms of unwitting use of drugs. Did these people that I was talking to have any information about this and on rare instances they were able to tell me about their use, and in most cases this would largely turn out to be a Mickey Finn or something of that sort rather than anything esoteric.

I also was very much interested because we had relatively little

information, believe it or not, at that time, in terms of the various

reactions that people were having to drugs. Therefore, these people

were very informative in terms of they knew a great deal of information about reactions.

Senator KENNEDY. At least you gathered-or am I correct in assuming that you gathered the impression that the prostitutes that you had talked to were able to slip the drugs to people as I understand it. Did

you form any impression on that?

Mr. GITTINGER. I certainly did not form the impression that theydid this as a rule or- Senator KENNEDY. But they had the knowledge.

Mr. GITTINGER. They had the knowledge or some of them had had knowledge of this being done. But again, as it turned out, it was largelyin this area of knockout drops.

Senator KENNEDY. Looking back now did you form any impressionabout how the Agency was actually testing the broad spectrum of social classes in these safe houses? With the large disbursal of cash in small quantities, $100 bills and the kinds of elaborate decorations and two-way mirrors in the bedrooms and all the rest, is there any questionin your own mind what was going on in the safe houses, or the techniques that were being used to administer these drugs?

Mr. GITTINGER. I find it very difficult to answer that question, sir. I had absolutely no direct knowledge there was a large number of this. I had no knowledge that anyone other than-than Morgan Hall was in any way involved in the unwitting administration of drugs.

Senator KENNEDY. But Gottlieb would know, would he not?

Mr. GITTINGER. I believe so, yes, sir.

Senator KENNEDY. Could we go into the Human Ecology Foundation and talk about that and how it was used as an instrument in terms of the support of research?

Mr. GITTINGER. Yes, sir.

Senator KENNEDY. Could you describe it to us? Could you describe the Human Ecology Foundation, how it functioned and how it worked?

Mr. GITTINGER. May I tell something about how it evolved, which I think is important?

Senator KENNEDY. Sure.

Mr. GITTINGER. The Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, so-called, was actually a-I am confused here now as to whether I should name you names.

Senator KENNEDY. Well, we're not interested in names or institutions, so we prefer that you do not. That has to be worked out in arrangements between Admiral Turner and the individuals and the institutions.

But we're interested in what the Foundation really was and how it functioned and what its purpose was.

Mr. GirriNGER. Tell, it was established to undertake research in the general area of the behavioral -sciences. It definitely had almost no focus or interest in, say, drug-related type of activities except in a very minor way, because it was largely set up to attempt to gain a certain amount of information and to fund projects which were psychological, sociological, anthropological in character. It was established in the sense of a period of time that a lot of us who are in it wish we could do it over again, but we were interested in trying to get together a panel of the most representative high-level behavioral scientists we could to oversee and help in terms of developing the Society for the Investigation of Hunan Ecology type of program.

The Agency in effect provided the money. They did not direct the projects. Now, the fact of the matter is, there are a lot of innocent people who received the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology money which I know for a fact they were never asked to do anything for the CIA but they did get through this indirectly. They had no knowledge that they were getting CIA money.

Senator KENNEDY. Over what period of time did this take place?

Mr. GrrrINGER. As far as I was concerned, it was the period of time ending in 1961. I believe the Human Ecology fund finally phased out in 1965, but I was not involved in this phasing out.

Senator KENNEDY. Can you give the range of the different sort of individual projects of the universities in which it was active? Mr. GITTINGER. Well, it would have as many as-I am very fuzzy on my memory on the number of projects. It is over 10, 20, 30.

Senator KENNEDY. After it made the grants, what was the relationship of the Agency with the results of the studies? The Foundation acquired the money to make the grants from the Agency, and then it made the grants to these various research programs.

Mr. GrrrlNGER. Yes, sir.

Senator KENNEDY. And that included eight universities as well as individual researchers? Mr. GIrlNGER. Yes, sir. Senator KENNEDY. Then what follow-up was there to that, sir? Mr. GIrrlNGER. Well, in every sense of the word, the organization

was run exactly like any other foundation, and it carried with it the same thing in terms of making certain that the people that they had given money to used it for the purpose for which it had been granted, that they had access to any of the reports that they had put out, but there were no strings attached to anybody. There wasn't any reason they couldn't publish anvthing thst thev put out.

Senator KENNEDY. What sort of budget are we talking about here?

Mr. GrrrlNGER. I honestly do not remember. I would iuess we are talking in the realm of about $150,000 a year, but don't hold me to that, because I don't know.

Senator KENNEDY. What is your view about such funding as a professional person, in terms of compromising the integrity of a university, sir? .

Mr. GITrlNGER. Well, obviously, sir, insofar as today there is no question about it. I will have to say at the time that we were doing this there was quite an entirely different kind of an attitude, and I do know for a fact that we moved to start towards phasing out the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology and the Human Ecology Fund for the very reason that we were beginning to recognize that it was moving into an area but this would be compromised.

Senator KENNEDY. Well, that is commendable, both your attitude and the reasons for it, but during that period of time it still was involved in behavior research programs, as I understand it.

Mr. GirlNGERZ. Yes, sir. On its own, in connection with this, it participated again, and these again were not CIA-directed projects, but these were all things which would theoretically contribute to the general knowledge at the time where the things like the study of the Hungarian refugees-obviously, the study of the Hungarian refugees who came to this country after the Hungarian revolt was a very useful exercise to try to get information about the personality characteristics of the Communists and so forth.

Senator KENNEDY. Were there other foundations that were doing similar kinds of work?

Mr. GlrrNGER. Not to my knowledge, sir.

Senator KENNEDY. You believe-

Mr. GirlNGER. You mean, CIA, other CIA?

Senator KENNEDY. Right.

Mr. GITrrNGER. Well, my answer is in the sense that I know of no other CIA foundations, no. There were, of course, other foundations doing similar kinds of work in the United States. Senator KENNEDY. Have you heard of the Psychological Assessments Foundation?

Mr. GIrrlNGER. I certainly have.

Senator KENNEDY. What was that? What function did that have?

Mr. GITTrNGER. Now, this was bringing us up to a different era. I believe the functions of that organization have nothing whatsoever to do with the things that are being talked about here while I was associated with it.

Senator KENNEDY. Rather than getting into the work, it was another foundation, was it not? It was another foundation supported by the Agency?

Mr. GrTNGER. What, the Psychological Assessment?

Senator KENNEDY. Yes.

Mr. GrnNGER. No, sir, it was not.

Senator KENNEDY. It did not get any support at all from the Agency?

Mr. GIrlNGER. Oh, yes, sir. It did get support, but it was a business firm.

Senator KENNEDY. It was a business but it got support from the Agency?

Mr. GIrrINGER. It got money from it, but it definitely was not in MKULTRA or in any way associated with this.

Senator KENNEDY. All right. I want to thank you for your helpful

testimony, Mr. Gittinger. It is not easy to go back into the past. I

think you have been very fair in your characterizations, and I think

it is quite appropriately indicated that there are different standards

now from what they were 25 years ago, and I think you have responded

very fairly and completely to the inquiries, and I think with a good

deal of feeling about it.

You are a person who is obviously attempting to serve the country's

interest, so I want to thank you very much for your statement and

for your helpful timeliness.

Mr. GITINGER. Thank you, sir.

Senator INoU-i. Senator Case?

Senator CASE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I am sorry that I had

another committee that I had to complete the hearing with this morn

ing before I got here.

I shall read the testimony with very great interest, and I appreciate your testimony as I have heard it. I would like to comment just on one point, and that is, it relates to a story in the press yesterday about part of this program involving the funding of a grant at a foreign university. I would like to elicit from you a comment as to the additional sensitivity and difficulty that that practice involves from your standpoint as a scientist, as well as a citizen, if you will.

Mr. GITINGER. I will say it was after the fact thinking. It was utter stupidity the way things worked out to have used some of this money outside the United States when it was CIA money. I can categorically state to my knowledge and I don't claim a complete knowledge all the way across of the human ecology functions, but to my knowledge, and this is unfortunate, those people did not know that they were getting money from CIA, and they were not asked to contribute anything to CIA as such.

Senator CASE. It would be interesting to try to examine this by turning the thing around and thinking what we would think if this happened from a foreign official agency to our own university. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Senator INOUYE. Senator Schweiker.

Senator SCHWEIKER. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Dr. Goldman, I wonder if you would tell us what your training and educational background is? Dr. GOLDMAN. I have already given a biography for the record. Senator SCHWETKER. I have not seen it. Who has it? Is it classified?

We may have it for the record, but may I ask you to briefly describe your training and background for us now? I hope it is no secret.

Dr. GOLDMAN. Well, I was told if I was asked this to say that. I was told that by your staff people, but I have no objection to telling you. I am a resident from Pennsylvania, southwest Pennsylvania, Lancaster County. I went to Penn State, and I am in nutrition.

Senator SOHWEIKER. In what?

Dr. GOLDMAN. Nutrition.

Senator SCHWEIKER. Were you in charge of a section or segment of

the CIA in your past capacity? Dr. GOLDMAN. During the time I was with that organization, I was in charge of one small section of it, one small segment of it; yes.

96-408 0 -77 -5

Senator SCHWEIKER. What was the function or purpose of that section that you headed?

To provide support for the other parts of the division.

Dr. GOLDMAN. Senator SCHWEIKER. Where in the chain of command would that put

you in relation to Dr. Gottlieb?

Dr. GOLDMAN. Pretty far down the line.

Senator SCHWEIKER. Mr. Gittinger, I would just like to ask you a few questions. We appreciate your frankness and candor with the committee, and we realize this is a very difficult area to go into. I am not quite clear on two matters that were raised earlier. First, were the safe houses we were talking about here used on occasion by the prostitutes

you referred to?

Mr. GITTINGER. I really have not the slightest idea.

Senator SCHWEIKER. Were the prostitutes used in any way to slip

the customers drugs for observation purposes? Mr. GrTiNGER. Not to my direct knowledge. Senator SCHWEIKER. Would you have been in a position to know the answer to either of these questions? Mr. GITTINGER. May I say, probably not, and may I make an aside to explain a little bit of this,please, sir? Senator SCHWEIKER. Mr. Gittinger, a moment ago you mentioned

brainwashing techniques, as one area that you had, I guess, done some work in. How would you characterize the state of the art of brainwashing today? Who has the most expertise in this field, and who is or is not doing it in terms of other governments?

During the Korean war there was a lot of serious discussion about brainwashing techniques being used by the North Koreans, and I am interested in finding out what the state of the art is today, as you see it. Mr. GITTINGER. Well, of course, there has been a great deal of work

on this, and there is still a great deal of controversy. I can tell you that as far as I knew, by 1961, 1962, it was at least proven to my satisfaction that brainwashing, so called, is some kind of an esoteric device where drugs or mind-altering kinds of conditions and so forth were

used, did not exist even though "The Manchurian Candidate" as a movie really set us back a long time, because it made something impossible look plausible. Do you follow what I mean ? But by 1962 and 1963, the general idea that we were able to come up with is that brain

washing was largely a process of isolating a human being, keeping

him out of contact, putting him under long stress in relationship to interviewing and interrogation, and that they could produce any change that way without having to resort to any kind of esoteric means.

Senator SCHWEIKER. Are there ways that we can ascertain this from

a distance when we see a captive prisoner either go on television, in a photograph, or at a press conference? In other words, are there certain signs that you have learned to recognize from your technical background, to tell when brainwashing has occurred? Or is that very

difficult to do?

Mr. GITTINGER. It is difficult to do. I think it is posible now in terms of looking at a picture of somebody who has been in enemy hands for a long period of time. We can get some pretty good ideas of what kind of circumstances he has been under, if that is what you mean.

Senator SCHWEIKER. That is all I have, Mr. Chairman. Thank you.

Senator INOUYE. Thank you very much.

Before adjourning the hearings, I would like to have the record show that Dr. Goldman and Mr. Gittinger have voluntarily cooperatedwith the committee in staff interviews, that they appear this morningvoluntarily, and they are not under subpena.

Gentlemen, I realize that this experience may have been an unhappy

one and possibly a painful one. Therefore, we thank you very much for participating this morning. We also realize that the circumstances of that time differed very much from this day, and possibly the national attitude, the national political attitude condoned this type of activity. So, we have not asked you to come here as persons who have committed crimes, but rather in hope that you can assist us in studyingthis problem so that it will not occur once again. In that spirit we thank you for your participation, and we look forward to workingwith you further in this case.

Thank you very much.

Senator KENNEDY. Mr. Ohairman, I would like also to thank the witnesses. These are difficult matters, and I think all of us are verygrateful.

Senator SCHWEIKER. I think the witnesses should know that thoughit may not always seem that way, what we are trying to do is to probethe past and look at the policies of the past to affect the future. I think our emphasis really is on the future, not the past, but it is importantthat we learn from the past as we formulate policies and legislationfor the future, I hope that all of the witnesses who did come before us voluntarily this morning, including Admiral Turner respect the fact that we are questioning the past to learn about the future. I think it should be looked at in that light.

Senator KENNEDY. I think that is the spirit in which we have had these hearings. It seems to me that from both these witnesses and others, Gottlieb knows the information and can best respond, and we are going to make every effort in the Senate Health Committee to get Mr. Gottlieb to appear, and we obviously look forward to cooperating with Senator Inouye and the other members of the committee in get

ting the final chapter written on this, but we want to thank you verymuch for your appearance here.

Senator INOUYE. The hearing will stand in recess, subject to the call of the Chair.

[Whereupon, at 12:12 p.m., the -hearingwas recessed, subject to the call of the Chair.]

APPENDIX A

XVII. TESTING AND USE OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS BY THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY Under its mandate ' the Select Committee has studied the testing and use of chemical and biological agents by intelligence agencies. Detaileddescriptions of the programs conducted by intelligence agencies involving chemical and biological agents will be included in a separatelypublished appendix to the Senate Select Committee's report. This section of the report will discuss the rationale for the programs, theirmonitoring and control, and what the Committee's investigation hasrevealed about the relationships among the intelligence agencies andabout their relations with other government agencies and private in

stitutions and individuals.2

Fears that countries hostile to the United States would use chemical and biological agents against Americans or America's allies led to the development of a defensive program designed to discover techniques for American intelligence agencies to detect and counteract chemical and biological agents. The defensive orientation soon becamesecondary as the possible use of these agents to obtain information from, or gain control over, enemy agents became apparent.

Research and development programs to find materials which couldbe used to alter human behavior were initiated in the late 1940s and early 1950s. These experimental programs originally included testingof drugs involving witting human subjects, and culminated in tests using unwitting, nonvolunteer human subjects. These tests were designed to determine the potential effects of chemical or biological

agents when used operationally against individuals unaware that theyhad received a drug.

The testing programs were considered highly sensitive by the intelligence agencies administering them. Few people, even within the agencies, knew of the programs and there is no evidence that either the executive branch or Congress were ever informed of them. The highly compartmented nature of these programs may be explained in part by an observation made by the CIA Inspector General that, "the knowledge that the Agency is engaging in unethical and illicit activi

1 Senate Resolution 21 directs the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence

Activities to investigate a number of issues:

"(a) Whether agencies within the intelligence community conducted illegaldomestic activities (Section 2(1) and (2)); "(b) The extent to which agencies within the intelligence community cooper

ate (Section 2(4) and (8)); "(c) The adequacy of executive branch and congressional oversight of intelligence activities (Section 2(7) and (11));

"(d) The adequacy of existing laws to safeguard the rights of American citi

zens (Section 2(13))."

'The details of these programs may never be known. The programs were highlycompartmented. Few records were kept. What little documentation existed for the CIA's principal program was destroyed early in 1973.

(385) (65)

386

ties would have serious repercussions in political and diplomatic circles and would be detrimental to the accomplishment of its missions." 3

The research and development program, and particularly the covert testing programs, resulted in massive abridgments of the rights of American citizens, sometimes with tra'gic consequences. The deaths of two Americans 3a can be attributed to these programs; other participants in the testing programs may still suffer from the residual effects. While some controlled testing of these substances might be defended, the nature of the tests, their scale, and the fact that they were continued for years after the danger of surreptitious administration of LSD to unwitting individuals was known, demonstrate a fundamental disregard for the value of human life.

The Select Committee's investigation of the testing and use of chemical and biological agents also raise serious questions about the adequacy of command and control procedures within the Central Intelligence Agency and military intelligence, and about the relationships among the intelligence agencies, other governmental agencies, and private institutions and individuals. The CIA's normal administrative controls were waived for programs involving chemical and biological agents to protect. their security. According to the head of the Audit Branch O-f the CIA. these waivers produced "gross administrative failures." They prevgnted the CIA's internal review mechanisms (the Office of General Counsel, the Inspector General, and the Audit Staff) from adequately supervising the programs. In general, the waivers had the paradoxical effect of providing less restrictive administrative controls and less effective internal review for controversial and highly sensitive projects than those governing normal Agency activities.

The security of the programs was protected not only by waivers of normal administrative controls, but also by a high degree of compartmentation within the CIA. This compartmentation excluded the CIA's Medical Staff from the principal research and testing program employing chemical and biological agents.

It also may have led to agency policymakers receiving differing and inconsistent responses when they posed questions to the CIA component involved.

Jurisdictional uncertainty within the CIA was matched by juris

dictional conflict among the various intelligence agencies. A spirit of cooperation and reciprocal exchanges of information which initially characterized the programs disappeared. Military testers withheld in

lormation from the CIA, ignoring suggestions for coordination from their superiors. The CIA similarly failed to provide informiation to the military on the CIA's testing program. This failure to cooperate was conspicuously manifested in an attempt by the Army to conceal

3CIA Inspector General's Survey of TSD, 1957, p. 217.

" On January 8, 1953. Mr. Harold Blauer died of circulatory collapse and heart failure following an intravenous injection of a synthetic mescaline derivative

while a subject of tests conducted by New York State Psychiatric Institute under

a contract let by the U.S. Army Chemical Corps. The Committee's investigation into drug testing by U.S. intelligence agencies focused on the testing of LSD, however, the committee did receive a copy of the U.S. Army Inspector General's

Report, issued on October 1975, on the events and circumstances of Mr. Blauer's

death. His death was directly atributable to the administration of the synthetic mescaline derivative.

387

their overseas testing program, which included surreptitious admin

istration of LSD, from the CIA. Learning of the Army's program,

the Agency surreptitiously attempted to obtain details of it.

The-decision to institute one of the Army's LSD field testing projects

had been based, at least in part, on the finding that no long-term resid

ual effects had ever resulted from the drug's administration. The

CIA's failure to inform the Army of a death which resulted from the

surreptitious administration of LSD to unwitting Americans, may well

have resulted in the institution of an unnecessary and potentially lethal

program.

The development, testing, and use of chelnical and biological agents

by intelligence agencies raises serious questions about the relationship

between the intelligence community and foreign governments, other

agencies of the Federal Government, and other institutions and in

dividuals. The questions raised range from the legitimacy of American

complicity in actions abroad which violate American and foreign laws

to the possible compromise of the integrity of public and private insti

tutions used as cover by intelligence agencies.

A. THE PROGRAMS INVESTIGATED 1. Project CHATTER Project CHATTER was a Navy program that began in the fall of 1947. Responding to reports of "amazing results" achieved by the Soviets in using "truth drugs," the program focused on the identification and testing of. such drugs for use in interrogations and in the recruitmenc of agents. The research included laboratory experiments on animals and hump , subjects involving Anabasis aphylla, scopolamine, and rhescaline in order to determine their speech-inducing qualities. Overseas experiments were conducted as part of the project.

The project expanded substantially during the Korean War, and ended shortly after the war, in 1953. .

2. ProjectBLUEBIRD/ARTICHOKE The'earliest of the CIA's major programs involving the use of chemical and biological agents, Project BLUEBIRD, was approved by the Director in 1950. Its objectives were:

(a) discovering means of conditioning personnel to prevent unauthorized extraction of information from them by known means, (b) investigating the possibility of control of an individual by application of special interrogation techniques, (c) memory enhancement, and (d) establishing defensive means for preventing hostile control of Agency personnel.4 As a result of interrogations conducted overseas during the project, another goal was added-the evaluation of offensive uses of unconvent: ional interrogation techniques, including hypnosis and drugs. In *August1951, the project was renamed ARTICHOKE. Project ARTICHOKE included in-house experiments on interrogation techniques,

conducted "under medical and security controls which would ensure

'CIA memorandum to the Select Committee, "Behavioral Drugs and Testing,"

2/11/75.

388

that no damage was done to individuals who volunteer for the experiments."' Overseas interrogations utilizing a combination of sodium pentothal and hypnosis after physical and psychiatric examinations of the subjects were also part of ARTICHOKE.

The Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI), which studied scientific advances by hostile powers, initially led BLUEBIRD/ARTICHOKE efforts. In 1952, overall responsibility for ARTICHOKE was transferred from OSI to'the Inspection and Security Office (I&SO), predecessor to the present Office of Security. The CIA's Technical Services and Medical Staffs were to be called upon as needed; OSI would retain liaison function with other government agencies.-The change in leadership from an intelligence unit to an operating unit apparently reflected a change in emphasis; from the study of actions by hostile powers to the use, both for offensive and defensive purposes, of special interrogation techniques-primarily hypnosis and truth serums.

Representatives. from each Agency unit involved in ARTICHOKE

met almost monthly to discuss their progress. These discussions included the planning of overseas interrogations8 as well as further experimentation in the U.S. . Information about project ARTICHOKE 'after the fall of 1953 is scarce. The CIA maintains that the project ended in 1956, but evidence suggests that Office of Security and Office of Medical Services use of "special interrogation" techniques continued for several years thereafter.

3. IKNAOMI MKNAOMI was another major CIA program in this area. In 1967, the CIA summarized the purposes of MKNAOMI:

(a) To provide for a covert support base to meet clandestine operational requirements.

(b) To stockpile severely incapacitating and lethal materials for the specific use of TSD [Technical Services Division]. (c) To maintain in operational readiness special and unique items for the dissemination of biological and chemical materials. (d) To provide for the required surveillance, testing, upgrading, and evaluation of materials and items in order to assure absence of defects and complete predictability of re

sults to be expected under operational conditions.9

Under an agreement reached with the Army in 1952, the Snecial

Operations Division (SOD) at Fort Detrick was to assist CIA in

developing, testing, and maintaining biological agents and delivery

5 Memorandum from Robert Taylor, O/DD/P to the Assistant Deputy (In

spection and Security) and Chief of the Medical Staff, 3/22/52.

a Memorandum from H. Marshall Chadwell.

Assistant Director. Scientific Intel

ligence, to the Deputy Director/Plans (DDP) "Proiect ARTICHOKE," 8/29/52.

*"Progress Report, Project ARTICHOKE." 1/12/53.

Memorandum from Chief, TSD/Biological Braneh to Chief. TSD "MKNAOMI:

Funding. Obiectives. and Accornnli-br-nts." 10/18/17. T).1. For a fuller descrip

tion of MKNAOMI and the relationship between CIA and SOD. see p. 360 ff.

389

systems. By this agreement, CIA acquired the knowledge, skill, and facilities of the Army to develop biological weapons suited for CIA use.

SOD developed darts coated with biological agents and pills containing several dif.rent biological agents which could remain potent for weeks or months. SOD also developed a special gun for firing darts coated with a chemical which could allow CIA agents to incapacitate a guard dog, enter an installation secretly, and return the dog to consciousness when leaving. SOD scientists were unable to develop a similar incapacitant for humans. SOD also physically transferred to CIA personnel biological agents in "bulk" form, and delivery devices, including some containing biological agents.

In addition to the CIA's interest in biological weapons for use against humans, it also asked SOD to study use of biological agents against crops and animals. In its 1967 memorandum, the CIA stated:

Three methods and systems for carrying out a covert attack against crops and causing severe crop loss have been developed and evaluated under field conditions. This was accomplished in anticipAtion of a requirement which was later developed but was subsequently scrubbed just prior to putting into action.sa

-MKNAOMI was terminated in 1970. On November 25, 1969, President Nixon renounced the use of any form of biological weapons that kill or incapacitate and ordered the disposal of existing stocks of bacteriological weapons. On February 14, 1970, the President clarified the extent of his earJier order and indicated that toxins-chemicals that are not living organisms but are produced by living organisms-were considered biological weapons subject to his previous directive and were to be destroyed. Although instructed to relinquish control of material held for the CIA by 9OD, a CIA scientist acquired approximately 11 grams of shellfish toxin from SOD personnel at Fort De- trick which were stored in a little-used CIA laboratory where it went undetected for five years.'0

4. MKULTRA MKULTRA was the principal CIA program involving the research and development of chemical and biological agents. It was "concerned with the research and development of chemical, biological, and radiological materials capable of employment in clandestine operations to control human behavior." 11

In January 1973, MKULTRA records were destroyed by Technical Services Division personnel actin on the verbal orders of Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, Chief of TSD. Dr. Gottlieb has testified, and former Director Helms has confirmed, that in ordering the records destroyed, Dr. Gottlieb was carrying out the verbal order of then DCI Helms.

MKULTRA began with a proposal from the Assistant Deputy Director for Plans, Richard Helms, to the DCI, outlining a special

* Ibid. p. 2. '0 Senate Select Committee, 9/16/75, Hearings, Vo. 1. n Memorandum from the CIA Inspector General to the Director, 7/26/63.

390

funding mechanism for highly sensitive CIA research and development projects that studied the use of biological and chemical materials in altering human behavior. The projects involved:

Research to develop a capability in the covert use of biological and chemical materials. This alea involves the production of various physiological conditions which could support present or future clandestine operations. Aside from the offefisive potential, the development of a comprehensive capability in this field of covert chemical and biological warfare gives us a thorough knowledge of the enemy's theoretical potential, thus enabling us to defend ourselves against a foe who might not be as restrained in the use of these techniques as we are. 1 2

MKULTRA was approved by the DCI on April 13, 1953 along the lines proposed by ADDP Helms.

Part of the rationale for the establishment of this special funding mechanism was its extreme sensitivity. The Inspector General's survey of MKULTRA in 1963 noted the following reasons for this sensitivity:

a. Rihearch in the mailipulation of human behavior is considered by man7. zuthorities in medicine and related fields to be professionaily unethical, therefore the reputation of professional participants in the MIKULTRA-program are on occasion in jeopardy.

b. Some MKILTRA activities raise questions of legality implicit in the original charter. -c. A final phase of the testing of MKULTRA products places the rights and interests of U.S. citi7ens in jeopardy.

d. Public disclosure of some aspects of MKULTRA activity could induce serious adverse reaction in U.S. public opinion, as well as stimulate offensive and defensive action in this field on the part of foreign intelligence services."3 Over the ten-year life of the program, many "additional avenues to

the control of human behavior" were designated as appropriate for investigation under the MICULTRA charter. These include "radiation, electroshock, various fields of psychology, psychiatry, sociology, and anthropoloy, graphology, harassment substances, and paramilitary devices and materials." 14

The research and development of materials to be used for altering human behavior consisted of three phases: first, the search for materials suitable for study; second, laboratory testing on voluntary human snbiects in various types of institutions; third, the application of MKTTLTRA materials in normal life settings.

The search for suitable materials was conducted through standing arrangements with snecialists in universities, pharmaceutical houses, hospitals, state and federal institutions, and private research orgam

u'femorandum from ADDP Holms to DCI Dulles, 4/3/53, Tab A, pp. 1-2.

T.G. Report on MKULTRA, 1963, pp. 1-2. rbid, p. 4.

71

391

zations. The annual grants of funds to these specialists were made under ostensible research foundation auspices, thereby concealing the CIA's interest from the specialist's institution.

The next phase of the MKITLTRA program involved physicians, toxicologists, and other specialists in mental, narcotics, and generalhospitals, and in prisons. Utilizing the products and findings of the basic research phase, they conducted intensive tests on human subjects.

I One of the first studies was conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health. This study was intended to test various drugs, including hallucinogenics, at the NIMH Addiction Research Center in Lexington, Kentucky. The "Lexington Rehabilitation Center," as it was then called, was a prison for drug addicts serving sentences for drug

violations.

The test subjects were volunteer prisoners who, after taking a brief physical examination and signing a general consent form, were administered hallucinogenic drugs. As a reward for participation in the program, the addicts were provided with the druz of their addiction.

LSD was one of the materials tested in the MIKULTRA program.

The final phase of LSD testing involved surreptitious administration to unwitting nonvolunteer subjects in normal life settings by undercover officers of the Bureau of Narcotics acting for the CIA.

The rationale for such testing was "that testing of materials under accepted scientific procedures fails to disclose the full pattern of reactions and attributions that may occur in operational situations." 15

According to the CIA, the advantage of the relationship with the Bureau was that

test subjects could be sought and cultivated within the setting

of narcotics control. Some subjects have been informers or

members of suspect criminal elements from whom the [Bu

reau of Narcotics] has obtained results of orwrational value

through the tests. On the other hand, the effectiveness of the

substances on individuals at all social levels, high and low,

native American and foreign, is of great significance and

testing has been performed an a varietyof individualswithin

thesecategories.[Emphasis added.] 16

A special procedure. designated MKDELTA, was es'ablished to

govern the use of MKULTRA materials abrond. Such materials were used on a number of occasions. Because MKULTRA records were dostroved, it is imnossible to reconstruct the operational use of MKULTRA materials by the CIA overseas; it has been determined that the use of these materials abroad began in 1953, and possibly as early as 1950.

Druns were used primarily as an aid to interrogations. but MKULTRA/MKDELTA materials were also used for harassment, discrediting, or disabling purposes. According to an Inspector General Survey of the Technical Services Division of the CIA in 1957-an inspection which did not discover the MKULTRA oroject involving the surreptitious administration of LSD to unwitting, nonvolunteer

SIbid, p. 21.

* Ibid., pp. 11-12.

72

392

subjects-the CIA had developed six drugs for operational use and

they had been used in six different operations on a total of thirty-three subjects.' By 1963 the number of operations and subjects had increased substantially.

In the spring of 1963, during a wide-ranging Inspector General survey of the Technical Services Division, a member of the Inspector General's staff, John Vance, learned about MKULTRA and about the project involving the surreptitious administration of LSD to unwitting, nonvoluntary human subjects. As a result. of the discovery and the Inspector General's subsequent -report,this testing was halted and much tighter administrative controls were imposed on the program. According to the CIA, the project was decreased significantly each budget year until its complete termination in the late 1960s.

5. The Testing of LSD by the Army There were three major phases in the Army's testing of LSD. In the

first, LSD was administered to more than 1,000 American soldiers who volunteered to be subjects in chemical warfare experiments. In the second phase, Material Testing Program EA 1729, 95 volunteers received LSD in clinical experiments designed to evaluate potential intelligence uses of the drug. In the third phase, Projects THIRD CHANCE and DERBY HAT, 16 unwitting nonvolunteer subjects were interrogated after receiving LSD as part of operational field tests.

B. CIA DRUG TESTING PROGRAMS 1. The Rationalefor the Testing Programs The late 1940s and early 1950s were marked by concern over the threat posed by the activities of the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, and other Communist bloc countries. United States concern over the use of chemical and biological agents by these powers was acute. The belief that hostile powers had used chemical and biological agents in interrogations, brainwashing, and in attacks designed

to harass, disable, or kill Allied personnel created considerable pressure for a "defensive" program to investigate chemical and biological agents so that the intelligence community could understand the mechanisms by which these substances worked and how their effects could be defeated.,"

Of particular concern was the drug LSD. The CIA had received reports that the Soviet Union was engaged in intensive efforts to pro

duce LSD; and that the Soviet Union had attempted to purchase the world's supply of the chemical. As one CIA officer who was deeply involved in work with this drug described the climate of the times: "[It] is awfully hard in this day and age to reproduce how frightening all of this was to us at the time, particularly after the drug scene has become as widespread and as knowledgeable in this country as it did. But we were literally terrified, because this was the one material that we

Ibid, 1957, p. 201. sThus an officer in the Office of Security of the CIA stressed the "urgency of the discovery of techniques and method that would permit our personnel, in the

event of their capture by the enemy, to resist or defeat enemy interrogation." (Minutes of the ARTICHOKE conference of 10/22/53.)

393

had ever been able to locate that really had potential fantastic possibilities if used wrongly."

19

But the defensive orientation soon became secondary. Chemical and

biological agents were to be studied in order "to perfect techniques .. .

for the abstraction of information from individuals whether willing or

not" and in order to "develop means for the control of the activities and

mental capacities of individuals whether willing or not." 20 One

Agency official noted that drugs would be useful in order to "gain con

trol of bodies whether they were willing or not" in the process of re

moving personnel from Europe in the event of a Soviet attack.21 In

other programs, the CIA began to develop, produce, stockpile, and

maintain in operational readiness materials which could be used to

harass, disable, or kill specific targets. 22

Reports of research and development in the Soviet Union, the Peo

ple's Republic of China, and the Communist Bloc countries provided

the basis for the transmutation of American programs from a defen

sive to an offensive orientation. As the Chief of the Medical Staff of

the Central Intelligence Agency wrote in 1952:

There is ample evidence in the reports of innumerable interrogations that the Communists were utilizing drugs, physical duress, electric shock, and possibly hypnosis against their enemies. With such evidence it is difficult not to keep from becoming rabid about our apparent laxity. We are forced by this mounting evidence to assume a more aggressive role in the development of these techniques, but must be cautious to maintain strict inviolable control because of the havoc that could be wrought by such techniques in unscrupulous hands.2 3

In order to meet the perceived threat to the national security, sub

stantial programs for the testing and use of chemical and biological agents-including projects involving the surreptitious administration of LSD to unwitting nonvolunteer subjects "at all social levels, high and low, native American and foreign"-were conceived, and implemented. These programs resulted in substantial violations of the rights of individuals within the United States.

1 Testimony of CIA officer, 11/21/75, p. 33.

'0 Memorandum from the Director of Security to ARTICHOKE representatives, Subject: "ARTICHOKE Restatement of Program." n ARTICHOKE memorandum, 7/30/53. " The Inspector General's Report of 1957 on the Technical Services Division

noted that "Six specific products have been developed and are available for operational use. Three of them are discrediting and disabling materials which can be administered unwittingly and permit the exercise of a measure of control over the actions of the subject."

A memorandum for the Chief, TSD, Biological Branch to the Chief, TSD, 10/18/67, described two of the objectives of the CIA's Project MKNAOMI as: "to stockpile severely incapacitating and lethal materials for the specific use of

TSD" and "to maintain in operational readiness special and unique items for the dissemination of biological and chemical materals."

' Memorandum from the Chief of the Medical Staff, 1/25/52.

394

Although the CIA recognized these effects of LSD to unwitting individuals within the United States, the project continued.2 4 As the Deputy Director for Plans, Richard Helms, wrote the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence during discussions which led to the cessation of unwitting testing:

While I share your uneasiness and distaste for any pro

gram which tends to intrude upon an individual's private

and legal prerogatives, I believe it is necessary that the

Agency maintain a central role in this activity, keep current

on enemy capabilities the manipulation of human behavior,

and maintain an offensive capability.25 There were no attempts to secure approval for the most controversial aspects of these programs from the executive branch or Congress. The nature and extent of the programs were closely held secrets; even

DCI McCone was not briefed on all the details of the program involving the surreptitious administration of LSD until 1963. It was deemed imperative that these programs be concealed from the Ameri

can people. As the CIA's Inspector General wrote in 1957:

Precautions must be taken not only to protect operations

from exposure to enemyeforces but also to conceal these ac

tivities from the American public in general. The knowledge

that the Agency is engaging in unethical and illicit activities

would have serious repercussions in political and diplomatic

circles and would be detrimental to the accomplishment

of its mission.26

2. The Deathof Dr.FrankOlson The most tragic result of the testing of LSD by the CIA was the death of Dr. Frank Olson, a civilian employee of the Army, who died on November 27, 1953. His death followed his participation in a CIA experiment with LSD. As part of this experiment, Olson unwittingly received approximately 70 micrograms of LSD in a glass of Cointreau he drank on November 19, 1953. The drug had been placed in the bottle by a CIA officer, Dr. Robert Lashbrook, as part of an experiment he and Dr. Sidney Gottlieb performed at a meeting of Army and CIA scientists.

Shortly after this experiment, Olson exhibited symptoms of paranoia and schizophrenia. Accompanied by Dr. Lashbrook, Olson sought psychiatric assistance in New York City from a physician, Dr. Harold

Abramson, whose research on LSD had been funded indirectly by the CIA. While in New York for treatment, Olson fell to his death from a tenth story window in the Statler Hotel.

*"Even during the discussions which led to the termination of the unwitting testing, the DDP turned down the option of halting such tests within the U.S. and continuing them abroad despite the fact that the Technical Services Divi

sion had conducted numerous operations abroad making use of LSD. The DDP made this decision on the basis of security noting that the past efforts overseas had resulted in "making an inordinate number of foreign nationals witting of our role in the very sensitive activity." (Memorandum for the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence from the Deputy Director for Plans, 12/17/63, p. 2.)

'5 Ibid., pp. 2-3.

I.G. survey of TSD, 1957, p. 217.

395

a. Background.-Olson,an expert in aerobiology who was assigned to the Special Operations Division (SOD) of the U.S. Army Biological Center at Camp Detrick, Maryland. This Division had three primary functions (1) assessing the vulnerability of American installations to biological attack; (2) developing techniques for offensive use of biological weapons; and (3) biological research for the CIA.2 7 Professionally, Olson was well respected by his colleagues in both the Army and the CIA. Colonel Vincent Ruwet, Olson's immediate

superior at the time of his death, was in almost daily contact with Olson. According to Colonel Ruwet: "As a professional man . . . his ability .. . was outstanding." 28 Colonel Ruwet stated that "during the period prior to the experiment ... I noticed nothing which would lead me to believe that he was of unsound mind." " Dr. Lash- brook, who had monthly contacts with Olson from early 1952 until the time of his death, stated publicly that before Olson received LSD, "as far as I know, he was perfectly normal." 30 This assessment is in

direct contradiction to certain statements evaluating Olson's emotional stability made in CIA internal memoranda written after Olson's death.

b. The Experiment.-On November 18, 1953, a group of ten scientists fiom the CIA and Camp Detrick attended a semi-annual review and analysis conference at a cabin located at Deep Creek Lake, Maryland. Three of the participants were from the CIA's Technical Services Staff. The Detrick representatives were all from the Special

Operations Division.

According to one CIA official, the Special Operations Division participants "agreed that an unwitting experiment would be desirable." "3This account directly contradicts Vincent Ruwet's recollection. Ruwet recalls no such discussion, and has asserted that he would remember any such discussion because the SOD participants

would have strenuously objected to testing on unwitting subjects.32

In May, 1953, Richard Helms, Assistant DDP, held a staff meeting which the Chief of Technical Services Staff attended. At this meeting Helms "indicated that the drug [LSD] was dynamite and that he should be advised at all times when it was intended to use it." 3 In addition, the then DDP, Frank Wisner, sent a memorandum to TSS stating the requirement that the DDP personally approve the use of LSD. Gottlieb went ahead with the experiment,34 securing the ap

27 Staff summary of Vincent Ruwet Interview, 8/13/75, p. 3. " Memorandum of Col. Vincent Ruwet, To Whom It May Concern, no date,

p. 2. " Ruwet Memorandum, p. 3. aJoseph B. Treaster, New York Times, 7/19/75, p. 1. Memorandum for the Record from Lyman Kirkpatrick, 12/1/53, p. 1. 2 Ruwet (staff summary), 8/13/75, p. 6.

* Inspector General Diary, 12/2/53. " Ibid. Dr. Gottleib has testified that he does not remember either the meeting with Helms nor 'the Wisner memorandum. (Gottlieb, 10/18/75, p. 16.)

396

proval of his immediate supervisor. Neither the Chief of TSS nor the DDP specifically authorized the experiment in which Dr. Olson participated.35

According to Gottlieb.3 6 a "very small dose" of LSD was placed in a bottle of Cointreau which was served after dinner on Thursday, November 19. The drug was placed in the liqueur by Robert Lash- brook. All but two of the SOD participants received LSD. One did not drink; the other had a heart condition.3 7 About twenty minutes after they finished their Cointreau, Gottlieb informed the other participants that they had received LSD.

Dr. Gottlieb stated that "up to the time of the experiment," he observed nothing unusual in Olson's behavior.3 7a Once the experiment was underway, Gottlieb recalled that "the drug had a definite effect on the group to the point that they were boisterous and laughing and they could not continue the meeting or engage in sensible conversation." The meeting continued until about 1:00 a.m., when the participants retired for the evening. Gottlieb recalled that Olson, among others, complained of "wakefulness" during the night.3 8 According to Gottlieb on Friday morning "aside from some evidence of fatigue, I observed nothing unusual in [Olson's] actions, conversation, or general behavior." 39 Ruwet recalls that Olson "appeared to be agitated" at breakfast, but that he "did not consider this to be abnormal under the circumstances." 40

c. The Treatment.-The following Monday, November 23, Olson was waiting for Ruwet when he came in to work at 7:30 a.m. For the next two days Olson's friends and family attempted to reassure hin and help him "snap out" of what appeared to be a serious depression. On Tuesday, Olson again came to Ruwet and, after an hour long con- Dr. Gottlieb testified that "given the information we knew up to this time, and based on a lot of our own self-administration, we thought it was a fairly benign substance in terms of potential harm." This is in conflict not only with 'Mr. Helms' statement but also with material which had been supplied to the Technical Services Staff. In one long memorandum on current research with LSD which was supplied to TSD, Henry Beecher described the dangers involved with such

research in a prophetic manner. "The second reason to doubt Professor Rothland came when I raised the question as to any accidents which had arisen from the use of LSD-25. He said in a very positive way, 'none.' As it turned out this answer could be called overly positive, for later on in the evening I was discussing the matter with Dr. W. A. Stohl, Jr., a psychiatrist in Bleulera's Clinic in Zurich where I had gone at Rothland's insistence. Stohl, when asked the same question, replied, 'yes,' and added spontaneously, 'there is a case Professor Rothland knows about. In Geneva a woman physician who had been subject to depression to some extent took LSD-25 in an experiment and became severely and suddenly depressed and committed suicide three weeks later. While the connection is not definite, common knowledge of this could hardly have allowed the positive statement Rothland permitted himself. This case is a warning to us to avoid engaging subjects who are depressed, or who have been subject to depression.' " Dr. Gottlieb testified that he had no recollection of either the report or that particular section of it. (Sidney Gottlieb testimony, 10/19/75, p. 78.)

" Memorandum of Sheffield Edwards for the record, 11/28/53, p. 2.

' Lashbrook (staff summary), 7/19/75, p. 3.

"aGottlieb Memorandum, 12/7/53, p. 2.

Edwards memorandum, 11/28/53, p. 3.

Gottlieb memorandum. 12/7/53, p. 3.

'0 Ruwet memorandum, p. 3.

397

versation, it was decided that medical assistance for Dr. Olson was desirable."1

Ruwet then called Lashbrook and informed him that "Dr. Olson was in serious trouble and needed immediate professional attention." 42 Lashbrook agreed to make appropriate arrangements and told Ruwet to bring Olson to Washington, D.C. Ruwet and Olson proceeded to Washington to meet with Lashbrook, and the three left for New York at about 2:30 p.m. to meet with Dr. Harold Abramson.

At that time Dr. Abramson was an allergist and immunologist practicing medicine in New York City. He held no degree in psychiatry, but was associated with research projects supported indirectly by the CIA. Gottlieb and Dr. Lashbrook both followed his work closely in the early 1950s. 4 3 Since Olson needed medical help, they turned to Dr. Abramson as the doctor closest to Washington who was experienced with LSD and cleared by the CIA.

Ruwet, Lashbrook, and Olson remained in New York for two days of consultations with Abramson. On Thursday, November 26, 1953, the three flew back to Washington so that Olson could spend Thanksgiving with his family. En route from the airport Olson told Ruwet that he was afraid to face his family. After a lengthy discussion, it was decided that Olson and Lashbrook would return to New York, and that Ruwet would go to Frederick to explain these events to Mrs. Olson ."

Lashbrook and Olson flew back to New York the same day, again for consultations with Abramson. They spent Thursday night in a Long Island hotel and the next morning returned to the city with Abramson. In further discussions with Abramson, it was agreed that Olson should be placed under regular psychiatric care at an institution closer to his home.4 5

d. The Death.-Because they could not obtain air transportation for a return trip on Friday night, Lashbrook and Olson made reservations for Saturday morning and checked into the Statler Hotel. Between the time they checked in and 10:00 p.m.; they watched television, visited the cocktail lounge, where each had two martinis, and dinner. According to Lashbrook, Olson "was cheerful and appeared to enjoy the entertainment." He "appeared no longer particulary depressed, and almost the Dr. Olson I knew prior to the experiment." 46

After dinner Lashbrook and Olson watched television for about an hour, and at 11:00, Olson suggested that they go to bed, saying that "he felt more relaxed and contented than he had since [they] came to New York." " Olson then left a call with the hotel operator to wake them in the morning. At approximately 2:30 a.m. Saturday, November 28, Lashbrook was awakened by a loud "crash of glass." In his report on the incident, he stated only that Olson "had crashed through the closed window blind and the closed window and he fell to his death from the window of our room on the 10th floor."

48

"Ibid., p. 4.

'2 Lashbrook memorandum, 12/7/53, p. 1.

43 Staff summary of Dr. Harold Abramson interview, 7/29/75, p. 2.

" Lashbrook memorandum, 12/7/53, p. 3.

4 Abramson memorandum, 12/4/53.

* Lashbrook memorandum, 12/7/53, p. 3. 7 Ibid., p. 4. 0 Ibid.

96-408 0 -77 -6

398

Immediately after finding that Olson had leapt to his death, Lash- brook telephoned Gottlieb at his home and informed him of the incident. 4" Gottlieb called Ruwet and informed him of Olson's death

50

at approximately 2:45 a.m.Lashbrook then called the hotel desk and reported the incident to the operator there. Lashbrook called Abramson and informed him of the occurrence. Abramson told Lash- brook he "wanted to be kept out of the thing completely," but later changed his mind and agreed to assist Lashbrook.5'

Shortly thereafter, uniformed police officers and some hotel employees came to Lashbrook's room. Lashbrook told the police he didn't know why Olson had committed suicide, but he did know that Olson "suffered from ulcers." 65

e. The Aftermath.-Following Dr. Olson's death, the CIA made a substantial effort to ensure that his family received death benefits, but did not notify the Olsons of the circumstances surrounding his demise. The Agency also made considerable efforts to prevent the death being connected with the CIA, and supplied complete cover for Lashbrook so that his association with the CIA would remain a secret. After Dr. Olson's death the CIA conducted an internal investigation of the incident. As part of his responsibilities in this investigation, the General Counsel wrote the Inspector General, stating:

I'm not happy with what seems to be a very casual attitude on the part of TSS representatives to the way this experiment was conducted and the remarks that this is just one of the risks running with scientific experimentation. I do not eliminate the need for taking risks, but I do believe, especially when human health or life is at stake, that at least the prudent, reasonable measures which can be taken to mini

. mize the risk must be taken and failure to do so was culpable negligence. The actions of the various individuals concerned after effects of the experiment on Dr. Olson became manifest also revealed the failure to observe normal and reasonable precautions."

As a result of the investigation DCI Allen Dulles sent a personal letter to the Chief of Technical Oneiations of the Technical Services Staff who had approved the experiment criticizing him for "poor judgment... in authorizing the use of this drug on such an unwitting basis and without proximate medical safeguards." 54 Dulles also sent a letter to Dr. Gotilieb, Chief of the Chemical Division of the Techifiical Services Staff, criticizing him for recommending the "unwitting application of the drug" in that the proposal "did not give sufficient emphasis for medical collaboration and for the proper consideration of the rights of the individual to whom it was being administered."

CTA Field Office Report, 12/3/53, p. 3. Ruwet Memorandum, p. 11. CIA Field Office Report, 12/3/53, p. 3.

Z2 Ibid.

Memorandum from the General Counsel to the Inspector General. 1/4/54. " Memorandum from DCI to Chief, Technical Opeiutions, TSS, 2/12/54. 7 Memorandum from DCI to Sidney Gottlieb, 2/12/54.

79

399

The letters were hand carried to the individuals to be read and

returned. Although the letters were critical, a note from the Deputy

Director of Central Intelligence to Mr. Helms instructed him to in

form the individuals that: "These are not reprimands and no person

nel file notation are being made." 5

Thus, although the Rockefeller Commission has characterized them as such, these notes were explicitly not reprimands. Nor did participation in the events which led to Dr. Olson's death have any apparent effect on the advancement within the CIA of the individuals involved.

3. The Surreptitious Administration of LSD to Unwitting Non- Volunteer Human Subjects by the CIA After the Death of Dr. Olson The death of Dr. Olson could be viewed, as some argued at the time, as a tragic accident, one of the risks inherent in the testing of new substances. It might be argued that LSD was thought to be benign. After the death of Dr. Olson the dangers of the surreptitious administration of LSD were clear, yet the CIA continued or initiated 11 a project involving the surreptitious administration of LSD to non- volunteer human subjects. This program exposed numerous individuals in the United States to the risk of death or serious injury without their informed consent, without medical supervision, and without necessary follow-up to determine any long-term effects.

Prior to the Olson experiment, the Director of Central Intelligence had approved MKULTRA, a research program designed to develop a "capability in the covert use of biological and chemical agent materials." In the proposal describing MKULTRA Mr. Helms, then ADDP, wrote the Director that:

we intend to investigate the development of a chemical material which causes a reversible non-toxic aberrant mental state, the specific nature of which can be reasonably well predicted for each individual. This material could potentially aid in discrediting individuals, eliciting information, and implanting suggestions and other forms of mental control.5s

On February 12, 1954, the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency wrote TSS officials criticizing them for "poor judgment" in administering LSD on "an unwitting basis and without proximate medical safeguards" to Dr. Olson and for the lack of "proper consideration of the rights of the individual to whom it was being admin

istered." 59 On the same day, the Inspector General reviewed a report on Subproject Number 3 of MKULTRA, in which the same TSS officers who had just received letters from the Director were quoted as stating that one of the purposes of Subproject Number 3 was to

6Note from DDCI to Richard Helms, 2/13/54.

" The 1963 IG Report, which described the project involving the surreptitious administration of LSD, placed the project beginning in 1955. Other CIA documents reveal that it was in existence as early as February 1954. The CIA has told the Committee that the project began in 1953 and that the experiment which led to Dr. Olson's death was part of the project.

" Memorandum from ADDP items to DOI Dulles, 4/3/53, tab A, p. 2.

0Memorandum from DCI to Sidney Gottlieb, 2/12/54; and memorandum from DCI to Chief of Operations, TSS, 2/12/54.

400

"observe the behavior of unwitting persons being questioned after having been given a drug." o There is no evidence that Subproject Number 3 was terminated even though these officers were unequivocally aware of the dangers of the surreptitious administration of LSD and the necessity of obtaining informed consent and providing medical safeguards. Subproject Number 3, in fact, used methods which showed

even less concern than did the OLSON experiment for the safety and security of the participants. Yet the evidence indicates the project continued until 1963.61

In the project, the individual conducting the test might make initial contact with a prospective subject selected at random in a bar. He would then invite the person to a "safehouse" where the test drug was administered to the subject through drink or in food. CIA per

sonnel might debrief the individual conducting the test, or observe the test by using a one-way mirror and tape recorder in an adjoining room.

Prior consent was obviously not obtained from any of the subjects. There was also, obviously, no medical prescreening. In addition, the tests were conducted by individuals who were not qualified scientific observers. There were no medical personnel on hand either to admin

ister the drugs or to observe their effects, and no follow-up was conducted on the test subjects. As the Inspector General noted in 1963:

A significant limitation on the effectiveness of such testing is the infeasibility of performing scientific observation of results. The [individuals conducting the test] are not qualified scientific observers. Their subjects are seldom accessible beyond the first hours of the test. The testing may be useful in perfecting delivery techniques, and in identifying surface characteristics of onset, reaction, attribution, and side-effect. 62

This was particularly troublesome as in a

number of instances, .. . the test subject has become ill for hours or days, including hospitalization in at least one case, and the agent could only follow up by guarded inquiry after the test subject's return to normal life. Possible sickness and attendant economic loss are inherent contingent effects

of the testing.6 3

Paradoxically, greater care seems to have been taken for the safety of foreign nationals against whom LSD was used abroad. In several cases medical examinations were performed prior to the use of LSD.64

0 Memorandum to Inspector General from Chief, Inspection and Review, on Subproject #3 of MKULTRA, 2/10/54. IG Report on MKULTRA, 1963.

* Ibid., p. 12. "'Ibid. According to the IG's survey in 1963, physicians associated with MKULTRA could be made available in an emergency.

"The Technical Services Division which was responsible for the operational use of LSD abroad took the position that "no physical examination of the subject is required prior to administration of [LSD] by TSS trained personnel. A physi

401

Moreover, the administration abroad was marked -by constant observation made possible because the material was being used against prisoners of foreign intelligence or security organizations. Finally, during certain of the LSD interrogations abroad, local physicians were on call, though these physicians had had no experience with LSD and would not be told that hallucinogens had been administered.6 5

The CIA's project involving the surreptitious administration of LSD to unwitting human subjects in the United States was finally halted in 1963, as a result of its discovery during the course of an Inspector General survey of the Technical Services Division. When the Inspector General learned of the project, he spoke to the Deputy Director for Plans, who agreed that the Director should be briefed. The DDP made it clear that the DCI and his Deputy were generally familiar with MKULTRA. He indicated, however, that he, was not sure it was necessary to brief the DDCI at that point.

On May 24, 1963, the DDP advised the Inspector General that he had briefed the Director on the MKULTRA program and in particular had covered the question of the surreptitious administration of LSD to unwitting human subjects. According to the Inspector General, the DDP said that "the Director indicated no disagreement and therefore the 'testing' will continue." 66

One copy of an "Eyes Only" draft report on MKULTRA was prepared by the Inspector General who recommended the termination of the surreptitious administration project. The project was suspended following the Inspector General's report.

On December 17, 1963, Deputy Director for Plans Helms wrote a memo to the DDCI, who with the Inspector General and the Executive Director-Comptroller had opposed the covert testing. He noted two

aspects of the problem: (1) "for over a decade the Clandestine Services has had the mission of maintaining a capability for influencing human behavior;" and (2) "testing arrangements in furtherance of this mission should be as operationally realistic and yet as controllable as possible." Helms argued that the individuals must be "unwitting" as this was "the only realistic method of maintaining the capability, considering the intended operational use of materials to influence human behavior as the operational targets will certainly be unwitting. Should the subjects of the testing not be unwitting, the program would only be "pro forma" resulting in a "false sense of accomplishment and readiness." 67 Helms continued:

clan need not be present. There is no danger medically in the use of this material as handled by TSS trained personnel." The Office of Medical Services had taken the position that LSD was "medically dangerous." Both the Office of Security

and the Office of Medical Services argued that LSD "should not be administered unless preceded by a medical examination .. . and should be administered only by or in the presence of a physician who had studied it and its effect." (Memorandum from James Angleton, Chief, Counterintelligence Staff to Chief of Operations, 12/12/57, pp. 1-2.

* Physicians might be called with the hope that they would make a diagnosis of mental breakdown which would be useful in discrediting the individual who was the subject of the CIA interest. " Memorandum for the Record prepared by the Inspector General, 5/15/63, p. 1. 6 Ibid., p. 2.

402

If one grants the validity of the mission of maintaining this unusual capability and the necessity for unwitting testing, there is only then the question of how best to do it. Obviously, the testing should be conducted in such a manner as to permitthe opportunity to observe the results of the administration on the target. It also goes without saying that whatever test

ing arrangement we adopt must afford maximum safeguardsfor the protection of the Agency's role in this activity, as well as minimizing the possibility of physical or emotional damage to the individual tested.68

In another memo to the Director of Central Intelligence in June, 1964, Helms again raised the issue of unwitting testing. At that time General Carter, then acting DCI, approved several changes in the MKTULTRA program proposed by Mr. Helms as a result of negotia

tions between the Inspector General and the DDP. In a handwritten note, however, Director Carter added that "unwitting testing will be

subject to a separate decision." 69. No specific decision was made then or soon after. The testing had been halted and, according to Walter Elder, Executive Assistant to DCI McCone, the DCI was not inclined to take the positive step of authorizing a resumption of the testing. At least through the summer, the DDP did not press the issue. On November 9, 1964, the DDP raised the issue again in a memo to the DCI, calling the Director's attention to what he described as "several other indications duringthe past year of an apparent Soviet aggressiveness in the field of covertly administered chemicals which are, to say the least, inexplicable and disturbing." o Helms noted that because of the suspension of covert testing, the Akgency's "positive operational capability to use drugs is diminishing, owing to a lack of realistic testing. With increasing knowledge of the state of the art, we are less capable of staying up with Soviet advances in this field. This in turn results in a waning capability on our partto restrain others in the intelligence community (such as the Department of Defense) from pursuing operations in this area." " Helms attributed the cessation of the unwitting testing to the highrisk of embarrassment to the Agency as well as the "moral problem." He noted that no better covert situation had been devised than that which had been used, and that "we have no answer to the moral

issue." 72

Helms asked for either resumption of the testing project or its definitive cancellation. He argued that the status quo of a research and development program without a realistic testing program was causingthe Agency to live "with the illusion of a capability which is becomingminimal and furthermore is expensive." "7Once again no formal action was taken in response to the Helms' request.

Memorandum from DDP Helms to DDCI Carter, 12/17/63.

* Memorandum from DDP Helms to DCI, 6/9/64, p. 3. 70Ibid., 11/9/64, p. 1. n Ibid., pp. 1-2. "Ibid., p. 2. 7 Ibid.

403 . From its beginning in the early 1950's until its termination in 1963, the program of surreptitious administration of LSD to unwitting non- volunteer human subjects demonstrates a failure of the CIA's leadership to pay adequate attention to the rights of individuals and to provide effective guidance to CIA employees. Though it was known that the testing was dangerous, the lives of subjects were placed in jeopardy and their rights were ignored during the ten years of testing which followed Dr. Olson's death. Although it was clear that the laws of the United States were being violated, the testing continued. While the individuals involved in the Olson experiment were admonished by the Director, at the same time they were also told that they were not being reprimanded and that their "bad judgment" would not be made part of their personnel records. When the covert testing project was terminated in 1963, none of the individuals involved were subject to any disciplinary action.

4. Monitoringand Control of the Testing and Use of-Chemical and BiologicalAgents by the CIA The Select Committee found numerous failures in the monitoring and control of the testing and use of chemical and 'biological agents within the CIA.74 An analysis of the failures can be divided into four sections: (a) the waiver of normal regulations or requirements; (b) the problems in authorization procedures; (c) the failure of internal review mechanisms such as the Office of General Counsel, the Inspector General, and the Audit Staff; and (d) the effect of compartmentation and competition within the CIA.

a. The Waiver of Administrative Control.-Theinternal controls within any agency rest on: (1) clear and coherent regulations; (2) clear lines of authority; and (3) clear rewards for those who conduct themselves in accord with agency regulations and understandable and immediate sanctions against those who do not. In the case of the testing and use of chemical and biological agents, normal CIA administrative controls were waived. The destruction of the documents on the largest CIA program in this area constituted a prominent example of the waiver of normal Agency procedures by the Director. These documents were destroyed in early 1973 at the order of then DCI Richard Helms. According to Helms, Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, then Director of TSD:

... came to me and said that he was retiring and that I was retiring and he thought it would be a good idea if these files were destroyed. And I also believe part of the reason for our thinking this was advisable was there had been relationships with outsiders in government agencies and other organizations and that these would be sensitive in this kind of a thing but that since the program was over and finished and done with, we thought we would just get rid of the files as

"Section 2(9) of S. Res. 21 instructs the Committee to examine: the "extent to which United States intelligence agencies are governed by Executive Orders, rules, or regulations either published or secret."

84

404

well, so that anybody who assisted us in the past would not

be subject to follow-up or questions, embarrassment, if you

will."

The destruction was based on a waiver of an internal CIA regulation, CSI 70-10, which regulated the "retirement of inactive records." As Thomas Karamessines, then Deputy Director of Plans, wrote in regulation CSI-70-10: "Retirement is not a matter of convenience or of storage but of conscious judgment in the application of the rules modified by knowledge of individual component needs. The heart of this judgment is to ensure that the complete story can be reconstructed in later years and by people who may be unfamiliar with the events." "

The destruction of the MKULTRA documents made it impossiblefor the Select Committee to determine the full range and extent of the largest CIA research program involving chemical and biological agents. The destruction also prevented the CIA from locating and providing medical assistance to the individuals who were subjects in the program. Finally, it prevented the Committee from determining the full extent of the operations which made use of materials developed in

the MKULTRA program.7 7

From the inception of MKULTRA normal Agency procedures were waived. In 1953, Mr. Helms, then Assistant Deputy Director for Plans, proposed the establishment of MKULTRA. Under the proposal six percent of the research and development budget of TSD would be expended "without the establishment of formal contractual relations" because contracts would reveal government interest. Helms also voted that qualified individuals in the field "are most reluctant to enter into signed agreements of any sort which connect them with this activitysince such a connection would jeopardize their professional reputa

" Richard Helms testimony, 9/11/75, p. 5.

'Many Agency documents recording confidential relationships with individuals and organizations are retained without public disclosure. Moreover, in the case of MKULTRA the CIA had spent millions of dollars developing both materials and delivery systems which could be used by the Clandestine Services; the reconstruction of the research and development program would be difficult if not impossible, without the documents, and at least one assistant to Dr. Gottlieb protested against the document destruction on those grounds.

"Clandestine Services Institution (CSI) 70-10. When asked by the Select Committee about the regularity of the procedure by which he authorized Dr. Gottlieb to destroy the MKULTRA records, Helms responded:

"Well, that's hard to say whether it would be part of the regular procedure or not, because the record destruction program is conducted according to a certain pattern. There's a regular record destruction pattern in the Agency monitored by certain people and done a certain way. So that anything outside of that, I suppose, would have been unusual. In other words, there were documents being destroyed because somebody had raised this specific issue rather than because they were encompassed in the regular records destruction program. So I think the answer to your question is probably yes." (Helms testimony, 9/11/75, p. 6.)

7 Even prior to the destruction of documents, the MKULTRA records were far from complete. As the Inspector General noted in 1963:

"Files are notably incomplete, poorly organized, and lacking in evaluative statements that might give perspective to management policies over time. A substantial portion of the MKULTRA record appears to rest in the memories of the principal officers and is therefore almost certain to be lost with their departures." (G Report on MKULTRA, p. 23.)

405

tions"."8 Other Agency procedures, i.e., the forwarding of documents

in support of invoices and the provision for regular audit procedures, were also to be waived. On April 13, 1953, then DCI Allen Dulles approved MKULTRA, noting that security considerations precludedhandling the project through usual contractual agreements.

Ten years later investigations of MKULTRA by both the InspectorGeneral and the Audit Staff noted substantial deficiencies which resulted from the waivers. Because TSD had not reserved the right to audit the books of contractors in MKULTRA, the CIA had been unable to verify the use of Agency grants by a contractor. Another firm had failed to establish controls and safeguards which would as

sure "proper accountability" in use of government funds with the result that "funds have been used for purposes not contemplated by grants or allowable under usual contract relationship." " The entire MKULTRA arrangement was condemned for having administrative

lines which were unclear, overly permissive controls, and irresponsible supervision.

The head of the Audit Branch noted that inspections and audits: led us to see MKULTRA as frequently having provided a device to escape normal administrative controls for research that is not especially sensitive, as having allowed practices that produce gross administrative failures, as having permitted the establishment of special relationships with unreliable organizations on an unacceptable basis, and as having produced, on at least one occasion, a cavalier treatment of a bona fide contracting organization.

While admitting that there may be a need for special mechanisms for handling sensitive projects, the Chief of the Audit Branch wrote that "both the terms of reference and the ground rules for handling such special projects should be spelled out in advance so that diversion from normal channels does not mean abandonment of controls.

Special procedures may be necessary to ensure the security of highly sensitive operations. To prevent the erosion of normal internal control mechanisms, such waivers should not be extended to less sensitive operations. Moreover, only those regulations which would endanger security should be waived; to waive regulations generally would result in highly sensitive and controversial projects having looser rather than stricter administrative controls. MKNAOMI, the Fort Detrick CIA project for research and development of chemical and biological agents, provides another example where efforts to protect the security of agency activties overwhelmed administrative controls. No written records of the transfer of agents such as anthrax or shellfish toxin were kept, "because of the sensitivity of the area and the desire to keep any possible use of materials like this recordless." 81 The

11Memorandum from ADDP Helms to DCI Dulles, 4/3/53, Tab. A, p. 2.

-Memorandum from IG to Chief, TSD, 11/8/63, as quoted in memorandum from Chief, Audit Branch.

' The memorandum suggested that administrative exclusions, because of the importance of such decisions, should require the personal approval of the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence on an inidividual case basis. Present CIA policy is that only the DCI can authorize certain exemptions from regulations.

sxSidney Gottlieb testimony, 10/18/75, Hearings, Vol. 1, p. 51.

86

406

result was that the Agency had no way of determining what materials were on hand, and could not be certain whether delivery systems such as dart guns, or deadly substances such as cobra venom had been issued to the field.

b. Authorization.-The destruction of the documents regarding MKULTRA made it difficult to determine at what level specific projects in the program were authorized. This problem is not solely a result of the document destruction, however. Even at the height of MKULTRA the IG noted that, at least with respect to the surreptitious administration of LSD, the "present practice is to maintain no

records of the planning and approval of test programs." 82

While it is clear that Allen Dulles authorized MiKULTRA, the record is unclear as to who authorized specific projects such as that involving the surreptitious administration of LSD to unwitting non- volunteer human subjects. Even given the sensitive and controversial nature of the project, there is no evidence that when John McCone replaced Allen Dulles as the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency he was briefed on the details of this project and asked whether it should be continued."3 Even during the 1963 discussions on the propriety of unwitting testing, the DDP questioned whether it was "necessary to brief General Carter," the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence and the Director's "alter ago," because CIA officers felt it necessary to keep details of the project restricted to an absolute minimum number of people. 4

In May of 1963, DDP Helms told the Inspector General that the covert testing program was authorized because he had gone to the Director, briefed him on it and "the Director indicated no disagreement and therefore the testing will continue." 85 Such authorization even for noncontroversial matters is clearly less desirable than explicit authorization; in areas such as the surreptitious administration of drugs, it is particularly undesirable. Yet according to testimony

2 IG Report on MKULTRA, 1963, p. 14.

" According to an assistant to Dr. Gottlieb, there were annual briefings of the DCI and the DDP on MKULTRA by the Chief of TSD or his deputy. However, a May 15, 1963 Memorandum for the Record from the Inspector General noted that Mr. McCone had not been briefed in detail about the program. Mr. McCone's Executive Officer, Walter Elder, testified that it was "perfectly apparent to me" that neither Mr. McCone nor General Carter, then the DDCI, was aware of the surreptitious administration project "or if they had been briefed they had not understood it." (Elder, 12/18/75, p. 13.) Mr. McCone testified that he "did not know" whether he talked to anyone about the project but that no one had told him about it in a way that "would have turned on all the lights." (John McCone testimony, 2/3/76, p. 10.)

" According to Elder's testimony, "no Deputy Director, to my knowledge,

has ever been briefed or was it ever thought necessary to brief them to the extent

to which you would brief the Director."

" IG Memorandum for the Record. 5/15/63. On the question of authorization of the covert testing program, Elder testified as follows: "But my reasonable judgment is that this was considered to be in the area of continuing approval, having once been approved by the Director."

The theory of authorization carrying over from one administration to the next seems particularly inappropriate for less visible, highly sensitive operations which, unless brought to his attention by subordinates, would not come to the attention of the Director.

87

407

before the Committee, authorization through lack of agreement -is even more prevalent in sensitive situations."

* The unauthorized retention of shellfish toxin by Dr. Nathan Gordon and his subordinates, in violation of a Presidential Directive, may have resulted from the failure of the Director to issue written instructions to Agency officials. The retention was not authorized by senior officials in the Agency. The Director, Mr. Helms, had instructed Mr. Karamessines, the Deputy Director of Plans, and Dr. Gottlieb, the Chief of Technical Services Division, to relinquish control to the Army of any chemical or biological agents being retained for the CIA at Fort De- trick. Dr. Gottlieb passed this instruction on to Dr. Gordon. While orders may be disregarded in any organization, one of the reasons that Dr. Gordon used to defend the retention was the fact that he had not received written instructions forbidding it.87 In some situations the existence of written instructions did not prevent unauthorized actions. According to an investigation by the CIA's Inspector General TSD officers had been informed orally that Mr. Helns was to be "advised at all times" when LSD was to be used. In addition TSD had received a memo advising the staff that LSD was not to be used without the permission of the DDP, Frank Wisner. The experiment involving Dr. Olson went ahead without notification of either Mr. Wisner or Mr. Helms. The absence of clear and immediate punishment for that act must undercut the force of other internal instructions and regulations.

One last issue must be raised about authorization procedures within

the Agency. Chemical agents were used abroad until 1959 for discrediting or disabling operations, or for the purpose of interrogations with the approval of the Chief of Operations of the DDP. Later the approval of the Deputy Director for Plans was required for such operations. Although the medical staff sought to be part of the approval process for these operations, they were excluded because, as the Inspector General wrote in 1957:

Operational determinations are the responsibility of the

DD/P and it is he who should advise the DCI in these

respects just as it is he who is responsible for the results. It

is completely unrealistic to consider assigning to the Chief,

Medical Staff, (what, in effect, would be authority over clan

destine operations.)"

Given the expertise and training of physicians, participation of the Medical Staff might well have been useful.

Questions about authorization also exist in regard to those agencies which assisted the CIA. For instance, the project involving the surreptitious administration of LSD to unwitting non-volunteer human subjects was conducted in coordination with the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. There is some question as to the Commissioner of Narcotics' knowledge about the project.

a Mr. Elder was asked whether the process of bringing forward a description of actions by the Agency in getting approval through the absence of disagreement was a common one. He responded, "It was not uncommon. ... The more sensitive the project the more likely it would lean toward being a common practice, based on the need to keep the written record to a minimum."

Nathan Gordan testimony, 9/16/75, Hearings, Vol. 1.

* 1957 IG Report.

88

-408

In 1963, the Inspector General noted that the head of the BNDD had been briefed about the project, but the IG's report did not indicate the level of detail provided to him. Dr. Gottlieb testified that "I remember meeting Mr. Anslinger and had the general feeling that he was aware." 89 Another CIA officer did not recall any discussion of testing on unwitting subjects when he and Dr. Gottlieb met with Commissioner Anslinger.

In a memorandum for the record in 1967 Dr. Gottlieb stated that Harry Giordano, who replaced Mr. Anslinger, told Dr. Gottlieb that when he became Commissioner he was "only generally briefed on the arrangements, gave it his general blessing, and said he didn't want to know the details." The same memorandum states, however, that there were several comments which indicated to Dr. Gottlieb that Mr. Giordano was aware of the substance of the project. It is possible that the Commissioner provided a general authorization for the arrangement without understanding what it entailed or considering its propriety. A reluctance to seek detailed information from the CIA, and the CIA's hesitancy to volunteer it, has -been found in a number of instances during the Select Committee's investigations. This problem is not confined to the executive branch but has also marked congressional relationships with the Agency.

c. Internal Review.-The waiver of regulations and the absence of documentation make it difficult to determine now who authorized which activities. More importantly, they made internal Agency review mechanisms much less effective."o Controversial and highly sensitive projects which should have been subject to the most rigorous inspection lacked effective internal review. Given the role of the General Counsel and his reaction to the surreptitious administration of LSD to Dr. Olson, it would have seemed likely that he would be asked about the le'ality or propriety of any subsequent projects involving such administration. This was not done. He did not learn about this testing until the 1970's. Nor was the General Counsel's opinion sought on other MKULTRA projects, though these had been characterized by the Inspector General in the 1957 Report on TSD as "unethical and illicit."91

There is no mention in the report of the 1957 Inspector General's survey of TSD of the project involving the surreptitious administration of LSD. That project was apparently not brought to the attention of the survey team. The Inspector who discovered it during the IG's

1963 survey of TSD recalls coming upon evidence of it inadvertently,

" Gottlieb, 10/18/75, p. 28.

9 The IG's report on MKULTRA In 1963 stated:

"The original charter documents specified that TSD maintain exacting control of MKULTRA activities. In so doing, however, TSD has pursued a phi

losophy of minimum documentation in keeping with the high sensitivity of some of the projects. Some files were found to present a reasonably complete record, including most sensitive matters, while others with parallel objectives contained little or no data at all. The lack of consistent records precluded use of routine inspection procedures and raised a variety of questions concerning management and fiscal controls."

" CIA, Inspector General's report on TSD, 1957, p. 217.

409

rather than its having been called to his attention as an especially sensitive project.92

Thus both the General Counsel and the Inspector General, the principal internal mechanisms for the control of possibly improper actions,

were excluded from regular reviews of the project. When the project was discovered the Executive Director-Comptroller voiced strong opposition to it; it is possible that the project would have been termi

nated in 1957 if it had been called to his attention when he then served as Inspector General.

The Audit Staff, which also serves an internal review function through the examination of Agency expenditures, also encountered

was first

substantial difficulty with MKULTRA. When MKULTRA

proposed the Audit Staff was to be excluded from any function. This was soon changed. However, the waiver of normal "contractual procedures" in MIULTRA increased the likelihood of "irregularities" as well as the difficulty in detecting them. The head of the Audit Branch characterized the MKULTRA procedures as "having allowed practices that produced gross administrative failures," including a lack of controls within outside contractors which would "assure proper accountability in use of government funds." It also diminished the CIA's capacity to verify the accountings provided by outside firms.

d. Compartmentation and Jurisdictional Conflict Within the Agency.-As has been noted, the testing and use of chemical and biological agents yas treated as a highly sensitive activity within the CIA, This resulted in a high degree of compartmentation. At the same time substantial jurisdictional conflict existed within the Agency between the Technical Services Division, and the Office of Medical Services and the Office of Security.

This compartmentation and jurisdictional conflict may well have led to duplication of effort within the CIA and to Agency policy-

makers being deprived of useful information. During the early 1950's first the BLUEBIRD Committee and then the ARTICHOKE Committee were instituted to bring together representatives of the Agency components which had a legitimate inter

est in the area of the alteration of human behavior. By 1957 both these committees had fallen into disuse. No information went to the Technical Services Division (a component supposedly represented on the ARTICHOKE Committee) about ARTICHOKE operations being conducted by the Office of Security and the Office of Medical Services. The Technical Services Division which was providing support to the Clandestine Services in the use of chemical and biological agents, but provided little or no information to either the Office of Security or the Office of Medical Services. As one TSD officer involved in these pro

grams testified: "Although we were acquainted, we certainly didn't share experiences." 93

" Even after the Inspector came upon it the IG did not perform a complete

investigation of it. It was discovered at the end of an extensive survey of TSD and the Inspector was in the process of being transferred to another post within the Agency. "Testimony of CIA officer, 11/21/75, p. 14.

90

410

QKHILLTOP, another group designed to coordinate research in this area also had little success. The group met infrequently-only twice a year-and little specific information was exchanged.9

Concern over security obviously played some role in the failure to share information,95 but this appears not to be the only reason. A TSD officer stated that the Office of Medical Services simply wasn't "par

ticularly interested in what we were doing" and never sought such information.6 On the other hand, a representative of the Office of Medical Services consistently sought to have medical personnel participate in the use of chemical and biological agents suggested that TSD did not inform the Office of Medical Services in order to pre

vent their involvement.

Jurisdictional conflict was constant in this area. The Office of Security, which had been assigned responsibility for direction of ARTICHOKE, consistently sought to bring TSD operations involving psychochemicals under the ARTICHOKE umbrella. The Office of Medical Services sought to have OMS physicians advise and participate in the operational use of drugs. As the Inspector General described it in 1957, "the basic issue is concerned with the extent of authority that should be exercised by the Chief, Medical Staff, over the activities of TSD which encroach upon or enter into the medical field," and which are conducted by TSD "without seeking the prior approval of the Chief, Medical Staff, and often without informing him of their nature and extent." 97

As was noted previously, because the projects and programs of TSD stemmed directly from operational needs controlled by the DDP, the IG recommended no further supervision of these activities by the Medical Staff :

It is completely unrealistic to consider assigning to the

Chief, Medical Staff, what, in effect, would be authority over

clandestine operations. Furthermore,some of the activities

of Chemical Division are not only unorthodox but unethical

and sometimes illegal. The DDP is in a better position to

evaluate the justification for such operations than the Chief,

Medical Staff.9 [Emphasis added.]

Because the advice of the Director of Security was needed for

"evaluating the risks involved" in the programs and because the knowledge that the CIA was "engaging in unethical and illicit activities would have serious repercussions in political and diplomatic

circles," the IG recommended that the Director of Security be fully advised of TSD's activities in these areas. Even after the Inspector General's Report of 1957, the compartmentation and jurisdictional conflict continued. They may have had a sub-

The one set of minutes from a QKHILLTOP meeting indicated that individuals in the Office of Medical Services stressed the need for more contact.

' When asked why information on the surreptitious administration of LSI) was not presented to the ARTICHOKE committee, Dr. Gottlieb responded: "I imagine the only reason would have been a concern for broadening the awareness of its existence."

'IA ifficer. 11/21/75. p. 14. IG Survey of TS), 1957. p. 217.

0a Ibid.

91

411

stantial negative impact on policymaking in the Agency. As the Deputy Chief of the Counterintelligence Staff noted in 1958, due to the different positions taken by TSS, the Office of Security, and the Office of Medical Services on the use of chemical or biological agents, it was possible that the individual who authorized the use of a chemical or biological agent could be presented with "incomplete facts upon which to make a decision relevant to its use." Even a committee set up by the

DDP in 1958 to attempt to rationalize Agency policy did not have access to records of testing and use. This was due, in part, to excessive compartmentation, and jurisdictional conflict.

C. COVERT TESTING ON HUMAN SUBJECTS BY MILITARY INTELLIGENCE Gnours: MATERIAL TESTING PROGRAM EA 1729, PROJECT THIRD CHANGE, AND PROJECT DERBY HAT

EA 1729 is the designator used in the Army drug testing program for Ivsergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Interest in LSD was originally aroused at the Army's Chemical Warfare Laboratories by open literature on the unusual effects of the compound.99 The positive intelligence and counterintelligence potential envisioned for compounds like LSD, and suspected Soviet interest in such materials,100 supported the development of an American military capability and resulted in ex

periments conducted jointly by the U.S. Army Intelligence Board and the Chemical Warfare Laboratories. These experiments, designed to evaluate potential intelligence uses of LSD, were known collectively as "Material Testing Program EA 1729." Two projects of particular interest conducted as part of these CHANCE" and "DERBY HAT", involved

experiments, "THIRD the administration of LSD to unwitting subjects in Europe and the Far East.

In many respects, the Army's testing programs duplicated research which had already been conducted by the CIA. They certainly involved the risks inherent in the early phases of drug testing. In the Army's tests, as with those of the CIA, individual rights were also subordinated to national security considerations; informed consent and follow- up examinations of subjects were neglected in efforts to maintain the

secrecy of the tests. Finally, the command and control problems which were apparent in the CIA's programs are paralleled by a lack of clear authorization and supervision in the Army's programs.

" USAINTC staff study, "Material Testing Program, EA 1729," 10/15/59, p. 4.

'This same USAINTC study cited "A 1952 (several years prior to initial U.S. interest in LSD-25) report that the Soviets purchased a large quantity of LSD-25 from the Sandoz Company in 1951, reputed to be sufficient for 50 million doses."

(Ibid., p. 16.)

Generally accepted Soviet methods and counterintelligence concerns were also strong motivating factors in the initiation of this research: "A primary justification for field experimentation in intelligence with EA 1729 that the enemy phi-

is the counter-intelligence or defense implication. We know

losophy condones any kind of coercion or violence for intelligence purposes. There is proof that his intelligence service has used drugs in the past. There is strong evidence of keen interest in EA 1729 by him. If for no other purpose than to know what to expect from enemy intelligence use of the material and to, thus, he prepared to counter it, field experimentation is justified." (Ibid, p. 34)

412

1. Scope of Testing Between 1955 and 1958 research was initiated by the Army Chemical

Corps to evaluate the potential for LSD as a chemical warfare inca

pacitating agent.. In the course of this research, LSD was administered

to more than 1,000 American volunteers who then participated in a

series of tests designed to ascertain the effects of the drug on their

ability to function as soldiers. With the exception of one set of tests

at Fort Bragg, these and subsequent laboratory experiments to evalu

ate chemical warfare potential were conducted at the Army Chemical

Warfare Laboratories, Edgewood, Maryland.

In 1958 a new series of laboratory tests were initiated at Edgewood.

These experiments were conducted as the initial phase of Material

Testing Program EA 1729 to evaluate the intelligence potential of

LSD, and included LSD tests on 95 volunteers.o' As part of these

tests, three structured experiments were conducted:

1. LSD was administered surreptitiously at a simulated social reception to volunteer subjects who were unaware of the purpose or nature of the tests in which they were participating; 2. LSD was administered to volunteers who were subsequently polygraphed; and 3. LSD was administered to volunteers who were then confined to "isolation chambers". These structured experiments were designed to evaluate the validity of the traditional security training all subjects had undergone in the face of unconventional, drug enhanced, interrogations.

At the conclusion of the laboratory test phase of Material Testing Program EA 1729 in 1960, the Army Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (ACSI) authorized operational field testing of LSD. The first field tests were conducted in Europe by an Army Special Purpose Team (SPT) during the period from May to August of 1961. These tests were known as Project THIRD CHANCE and involved eleven separate interrogations of ten subjects, None of the subjects were volunteers and none were aware that they were to receive LSD. All but one subject, a U.S. soldier implicated in the theft of classified documents, were alleged to be foreign intelligence sources or agents. While interrogations of these individuals were only moderately successful, at least one subject (the U.S. soldier) exhibited

symptoms of severe paranoia while under the influence of the drug.

The second series of field tests, Project DERBY HAT, were conducted by an Army SPT in the Far East during the period from August to November of 1962. Seven subjects were interrogated under DERBY HAT, all of whom were foreign nationals either suspected of dealing in narcotics or implicated in foreign intelligence

operations. The purpose of this second set of experiments was to col

lect additional data on the utility of LSD in field interrogations, and

to evaluate any different effects the drug might have on "Orientals."

Wt

Inspector General of the Army Report. "Use of Volunteers in Chemical Agent Research," 3/10/76. p. 138.

413

2. InadequateCoordinationAmong IntelligenceAgencies On October 15, 1959, the U.S. Army Intelligence Center prepared lengthy staff study on Material Testing Program EA 1729. The stated purpose of the staff study was: "to determine the desirability of EA 1729 on non-US subjects in selected actual operations under controlled conditions.10 2 It was on the basis of this study that operational field tests were later conducted.

After noting that the Chemical Warfare Laboratories began experiments with LSD on humans in 1955 and had administered the drug to over 1,000 volunteers, the "background" section of the study concluded:

There has not been a single case of residual ill effect. Study of the prolific scientific literature on LSD-25 and personal communication between US Army Chemical Corps personnel and other researchers in this field have failed to disclose an authenticated instance of irreversible change being produced in normal humans by the drug.03

This conclusion was reached despite an awareness that there were inherent medical dangers in such experimentation. In the body of this same study it is noted that:

The view has been expressed that EA 1729 is a potentially dangerous drug, whose pharmaceutical actions are not fully understood and there has been cited the possibility of the continuance of a chemically induced psychosis in chronic: form, particularly if a latent schizophrenic were a subject, with consequent claim or representation against the U.S. Government.'0

An attempt was made to minimize potential medical hazards by careful selection of subjects prior to field tests. Rejecting evidence that the drug might be hazardous, the study continued:

The claim of possible permanent damage caused by EA 1729 is an unproven hypothesis based on the characteristic effect of the material. While the added stress of a real situation may increase the probability of permanent adverse effect,

the resulting risk is deemed to be slight by the medical research personnel of the Chemical Warfare Laboratories.To

prevent even such a slight risk, the proposed plan for field experimentation calls for overt, if possible, or contrivedthrough- ruse, if necessary, physical and mental examination of any real situation subject prior to employment of the subject.10

5

This conclusion was drawn six years after one deaith had occurred which could be attributed, at least in part., to the effects of the very drug the Army was proposing to field test.. The USAINTC staff, however, was apparently unaware of the circumstances surrounding Dr. Olson's death. This lack of knowledge is indicative of the

" TISAINTC staff study. "Material TEsting Program EA 1729." 10/15/.9, p. 4. "03 Ibid., p. 4. 'Ibid.. p. 25.

10 Ibid.

96-408 0 -77 -7

414

general lack of interagency communication on drug related research. As the October 1959 study noted, "there has been no coordination

10G

with other intelligence agencies up to the present."

On December 7, 1959, the Army Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (ACSI, apparently a General Willems) was briefed on the proposed operational use of LSD by VUSAINTC Project Officer Jacob

son, in preparation for Project. THIRD CHANCE. General Willems expressed concern that the project had not been coordinated with the FBI and the CIA. He is quoted as saying "that if this project is going to be worth anything it [LSD] should be used on higher types of non-U.S. subjects" in other words "staffers." He indicated this could be accomplished if the CIA were brought in. The summary of the briefing prepared by a MajorMIehorskY continues: "Of particular note is that ACSI did not. direct coordination with CIA and the FBI but

107

only mentioned it for consideration by the planners." After the briefing, four colonels, two lieutenant colonels and Major Mehovsky iet to discuss interagency cooperation with CIA and FBI. The group consensus was to postplone efforts toward coordination:

Lt. Col. Jacobson commented that before we coordinate with CIA we should have more factual findings from field experimentation with counterintelligence cases that will strengthen our position and proposal for cooperation. This approach

was agreed to by the conferees. 08 Had such coordination been achieved, the safety of these experiments might have been viewed differently and the tests themselves might have been seen as unnecessary.

3. Subordinationof Individual Rights to NationalSecurity Considerations Just as many of these experiments may have been unnecessary, the nature of the operational tests (polygraph-assisted interrogations of drugged suspects) reflects a basic disregard for the fundamental human rights of the subjects. The interrogation of an American soldier as part of the THIRD CHANCE 1961 tests is an example of this disregard.

The "trip report" for Project THIRD CHANCE, dated September 6, 1961, recounts the circumstances surrounding and the results of the tests as follows:

[The subject] was a U.S. soldier who had confessed to theft of classified documents. Conventional methods had failed to ascertain whether espionage intent was involved. A significant new admission by subject that lie told a fellow soldier of the

theft while lie still had the documents in his possession was

obtained during the EA 1729 interrogation along with other variations of Subject's previous account. The interrogation results were deemed by the local operational authority satisfactory evidence of Subject's claim of innocence in regard to espionage intent.o9

'Ibid., p. 6.

Mehovsky Fact Sheet, 12/9/60, p. 1.

0

Ibid., p. 2.

1'

SPT Trip Report, Operation THIRD CHANCE, 9/6/61, p. 5.

10

415

The subject apparently reacted very strongly to the drug, and the interrogation, while productive, was difficult. The trip reportconcluded:

(1) This case demonstrated the ability to interrogate a subject profitably throughout a highly sustained and almost incapacitating reaction to EA 1729. (2) The apparent value of bringing a subject into the EA 1729 situation in a highly stressed state was indicated. (3) The usefulness of employing as a duress factor the device of inviting the subject's attention to his EA 1729influenced state and threatening to extend this state indefinitely even to a permanent condition of insanity, or to bring it to an end at the discretion of the interrogators was shown to be effective. (4) The need for preplanned precautions against extreme paranoiac reaction to EA 1729 was indicated. (5) It was brought to attention by this case that where subject has undergone extended intensive interrogation prior to the EA 1729 episode and has persisted in a version repeatedlyduring conventional interrogation, adherence to the same version while under EA 1729 influence, however extreme the reaction, may not necessarily be evidence of truth but merely the 0

ability to adhere to a well rehearsed story."x

This strong reaction to the drug and the accompanying discomfort

this individual suffered were exploited by the use of traditional interrogation techniques. While there is no evidence that physical violence or torture were employed in connection with this interrogation, physical and psychological techniques were used in the THIRD CHANCE experiments to exploit the subjects' altered mental state, and to maxiinize the stress situation. Jacobson described these methods in his trip report:

Stressing techniques employed included silent treatment before or after EA 1729 administration, sustained conventional interrogation prior to EA 1729 interrogation, deprivation of food, drink, sleep or bodily evacuation, sustained isolation prior to EA 1729 administration, hot-cold switches in approach, duress "pitches", verbal degradation and bodily discomfort, or dramatized threats to subject's life or mental health."'

Another gross violation of an individual's fundamental rights oc

curred in September 1962 as part of the Army's DERBY HAT tests in the Far East. A suspected Asian espionage agent was given 6 micrograms of LSD per kilogram of bodyweight. The administration of the drug was completed at 1035 that morning:

At 1120, sweating became evident, his pulse became thready. He was placed in a supine position. He began groaning with

expiration and became semicomatose.112

.oIbid., pp. 17-18. "' Ibid., p. 13. ""DERBY HAT" Medical and Pharmacological Report: Case #1, 9/20/62,

p. D10-2.

416

For the next 28 minutes, the subject remained semicomatose.

At 1148, responses to painful stimuli were slightly improved. At 1155, he was helped to a sitting position. At 1200, he became shocky again and was returned to supine

position. At 1212, he was more alert and able to sit up with help. At 1220, Subject was assisted to the interrogation table. At 1230, he began moaning he wanted to die and usually

ignored questions. Rarely he stated "he didn't know."

At 1250, his phasic alertness persisted. He frequently refocused his eyes with eyelid assistance. He frequently threw his head back with eyes closed.

At 1330, he was slightly more alert. He was forced-walked for 5 minutes. He physically would cooperate until he became shocky again (sweating, thready pulse, pale).

For the next three hours the subject remained in about the same condition. Continued attempts at interrogation yielded no relevant answers. Six hours after receiving the drug, the subject began giving relevant answers to questions. Eight and one-half hours after the

initial dosage, the subject was polygraphed. The interrogation continued for seventeen and one-half hours after the drug was administered. There was some psychological and medical screening of the in- in Europe, and in

dividuals tested within the United States,

Asia. The proposal for the field experimentation in fact called for not eliminate the

such examinations. The fact of prescreening did risk of injury; .the availability of medical staff did, however, limit injury and may well have prevented the death of one or more of the

subjects. As the medical corps member of the team which surreptitiously administered the LSD noted, "one subject. ..did collapse after

not only

the interrogation and the presence of the medical officer was of value to the subject but to the interrogation team who were thus

assured that an unnecessary untoward result would not occur." "1 In the October 15, 1959, USAINTC staff study, moral and legal ramifications of covert administration of LSD in field conditions were

considered.

It was always a tenet of Army Intelligence that the basic American principle of the dignity and welfare of the individual will not be violated. . . . A more meticulous regard

for the prohibition against violence or duress is taken in practice when the suspect is a US citizen or ally as against an actual or potential enemy, in peace as against war, and in respect to the nature of the crime. ... In intelligence, the stakes involved and the interests of national security may permit a more tolerant interpretation of moral-ethical values, but not. legal limits, through necessity. . .. Any claim

"n Ibid., p. D10-3. ' SPT Trip Report, Operation THIRD CHANCE, 7/25/61, p. 1.

417

against the US Government for alleged injury due to EA

1729 must be legally shown to have been due to the material. Proper security and appropriate operational techniques can protect the fact of employment of EA 1729.116

On the basis of this evaluation, the stiidy concluded that in view of "the stakes involved and the interests of national security," the proposed phtn for field testing should be approved.

The surreptitious administration of drugs to unwitting subjects by the Army raises serious constitutional and legal issues. The consideration given these issues by the Army was wholly insufficient. The character of the Army's volunteer testing program and the possibility that drugs were simply substituted for other forms of violence or duress in field interrogations raises serious doubts as to whether national security imperatives were properly interpreted. The "consent" forms which each American volunteer signed prior to the administration of LSD are a case in point. These forms contained no mention of the medical and psychological risks inherent in such testing, nor do they mention the nature of the psychotrophic drug to be administered:

The general nature of the experiments in which I have voluteered. have been explained to me from the standpoint of jossible hazards to my health. It is my understandingthat the experime:dz are so designed, based on the results of aniibals and previous human experimentation, that the anticipated results will justify the performance of the experiment. I understand further that experiments will be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and medical suffering and injury, and that I ,uillbe at liberty to request that the experiments be terminatedat any time if in my opinion I have reached the physical or mental state where continuation of the experiments becomes undesirable.

I recognize that in the pursuit of certain experiments transitorydiscomfortmay occur.I recognize, also, that under these circumstances, I must rely upon the skill and wisdom of the physiciansupervisingthe experiment to institute whatever medical or surgical measures are indicated. [Emphasis added.] i1s

The exclusion of any specific discussion of the nature of LSD in these forms raises serious doubts as to their validity. An "understanding .. . that the anticipated results will justify the performance of

the experiment" without full knowledge of the nature of the experiment is an incomplete "understanding." Similarly, the nature of the experiment limited the ability of both the subject to request its request its termination and the experimenter to implement such a request. Finally, the euphemistic characterization of "transitory discomfort" and the agreement to "rely on the skill and wisdom of the physician" combine to conceal inherent risks in the experimentation and may be viewed as disolving the experimenter of personal responsibility for

damaging aftereffects. In summary, a "volunteer" program in which subjects are not fully informed of potential hazards to their persons is ''voluinteer" in name only.

u9USAINTC staff study, "Material Testing Program EA 1729," 10/15/59, p. 26. " Sample volunteer consent form.

418

This problem was compounded by the security statements signed by each volunteer before he participated in the testing. As part of this statement, potential subjects agreed that they would:

. not divulge or make available any information related to U.S. Army Intelligence Center interest or participation in the Department of the Army Medical Research Volunteer Program to any individual, nation, organization, business, association, or other group or entity, not officially authorized to receive such information.

I understand that any action contrary to the provisions of this statement will render me liable to punishment under the provisions of the Uniform Code of Military Justice.119

Under these provisions, a volunteer experiencing aftereffects of the test might have been unable to seek immediate medical assistance.

This disregard for the well-being of subjects drug testing is inexcusable. Further, the absence of any comprehensive long-term medical assistance for the subjects of these experiments is not only

unscientific; it is also unprofessional.

4. Lack of NormalAuthorizationandSupervision It is apparent from documents supplied to the Committee that the Army's testing programs often operated under informal and nonroutine authorization. Potentially dangerous operations such as these

testing programs are the very projects which ought to be subject to the closest internal scrutiny at the highest levels of the military command structure. There are numerous examples of inadequate review, partial consideration, and incomplete approval in the administration

of these programs. When the first Army program to use LSD on American soldiers in

"field stations" -was authorized in May 1955, the Army violated its own procedures in obtaining approval. Under Army Chief of Staff Memorandum 385, such proposals were to be personally approved by the Secretary of the Army. Although the plan was submitted to him on April 26, 1956, the Secretary issued no written authorization for

the project, and there is no evidence that he either reviewed or approved the plan. Less than a month later, the Army Chief of Staff issued a memorandum authorizing the tests.120

Subsequent testing of LSD under Material Testing Program EA 1729 operated generally under this authorization. When the plans for this testing were originally discussed in early 1958 by officials of the Army Intelligence Center at Fort Holabird and representatives of the Chemical Warfare Center at Edgewood Arsenal, aivinformal proposal was formulated. This proposal was submitted to the Medical Research Directorate at Edgewood by the President of the Army Intelligence Board on June 3, 1958. There is no evidence that the plan approved at any level higher than the President of the Intelli

was gence Board or the Commanding General of Edgewood. The approval at Edgewood appears to have been issued by the Commander's Adjutant. The Medical Research Laboratories did not submit the plan to the Surgeon General for approval (a standard procedure) because

Sample Volunteer Security Statement.

Inspector General of the Army Report, "Use of Volunteers in Chemical Agent Research," 3/10/76, p. 109.

99

419

the new program was ostensibly covered by the authorizations granted in May 1956.121

The two projects involving the operational use of LSD (THIRD CHANCE and DERBY HAT) were apparently approved by the Army Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (General Willems) on

December 7, 1960.'22 This verbal approval came in the course of a briefing on previous drug programs and on the planned field experimentation. There is no record of written approval being issued by the ACSI to authorize these specific projects until January 1961, and

there is no record of any specific knowledge or approval by the Secretary of the Army. On February 4, 1963, Major General C. F. Leonard, Army ACSI, forwarded a copy of the THIRD CHANCE Trip Report to Army Chief of Staff, General Earl Wheeler. Wheeler had apparently

123

requested a copy on February 2. The report was routed through a General Hamlett. While this report included background on the origins of the LSD tests, it appears that General Wheeler may only have read the conclusion and recommendations. 24 The office memorandum accompanying the Trip Report bears Wheeler's initials.125

5. Terminationof Te8ting On April 10, 1963, a briefing was held in the ACSI's office on the results of Projects THIRD CHANCE and DERBY HAT. Both SPT's concluded that more field testing was required before LSD

could be utilized as an integral aid to counterintelligence interrogations. During the presentation of the DERBY HAT results, General Leonard (Deputy ACSI) directed that no further field testing be undertaken. 126 After this meeting the ACSI sent a letter to the Com

manding General of the Army Combat Developments Command (CDC) requesting that he review THIRD CHANCE and DERBY HAT and "make a net evaluation concerning the adoption of EA 1729 for future use as an effective and profitable aid in counterintelligence interrogations." On the same day the ACSI requested that the CDC

127

Commander revise regulation FM 30-17 to read in part: ... in no instance will drugs be used as an aid to interrogations in counterintelligence or security operations without prior permission of the Department of the Army. Requests to use drugs as an investigative aid will be forwarded through intelligence channels to the OACSI, DA, for approval.... Medical research has established that information obtained through the use of these drugs is unreliable and invalid.... It is considered that DA [Army] approval must be a prerequisite for use of such drugs because of the moral, legal, medical and political problems inherent in their use for intelligence purposes.28

"' Ibid., pp. 135, 137, 138. 1"2 Mehovsky Fact Sheet, 12/9/60. Memorandum from Leonard to Wheeler, 2/4/63. u' SGS memorandum to Wheeler through Hamlett, 2/5/63.

'2s Ibid.

M1aj. F. Barnett, memorandum for the record, 8/12/63. " Yamaki memorandum for the record, 7/16/63.

"7 Ibid.

420

The subsequent adoption of this regulation marked the effective termination of field testing of LSD by the Army.

The official termination date of these testing programs is rather unclear, but a later ACSI memo indicates that it may have occurred in September of 1963. On the 19th of that month a meeting was held between Dr. Van Sims (Edgewood Arsenal), Major Clovis (Chemi

cal Research Laboratory), and ACSI representatives (General

Deholm and Colonel Schmidt). "As a result of this conference a determination was made to suspend the program and any further activitypending a more profitable and suitable use." 129

D. COOPERATION AND COMPETITION AMONG THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY AGENCIES AND BETWEEN THESE AGENCIES AND OTHER INDIVIDUALS AND INSTITUTIONS 1. RelationshipsAmong Ageicies Within the Intelligence Community Relationships among intelligence community agencies in this area varied considerably over time, ranging from full cooperation to intense and wasteful competition. The early period was-marked by a high degree of cooperation among the agencies of the intelligence community. Although the military dominated research involving chemical and biological agents, the information developed was shared with the FBI and the CIA. But the spirit of cooperation did not continue. The

failure by the military to share information apparently breached the spirit, if not the letter, of commands from above.

As noted above, the Army Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence was briefed on the proposed operational testing of LSD under Project THIRD CHANCE, and expressed concern that the project had not been coordinated with FBI and CIA. Despite this request, no coordination was achieved between the Army and either of these agencies. Had such cooperation been forthcoming, this project may have been evaluated in a different light.

The competition between the agencies in this area reached bizarre levels. A military officer told a CIA representative in confidence about the military's field testing of LSD in Europe under Project THIRD CHANCE, and the CIA promptly attempted to learn surreptitiously the nature and extent of the program. At roughly the same time Mr. Helms argued to the DDCI that the unwitting testing program should be continued, as it contributed to the CIA's capability in the area and thus allowed the CIA "to restrain others in the intelligence community

130

(such as the Department of Defense) from pursuing operations.'

The MKNAOMI prdgram was also marked by a failure to share information. The Army Special Forces (the principal customer of the Special Operations Division at Fort Dietrick) and the CIA rather than attempting to coordinate their efforts promulgated different requirements which varied only slightly. This apparently resulted in some duplication of effort. In order to insure the security of CIA operations, the Agency would request materials from SO) for operational use without fully or accurately describing the operational requirements. This resulted in limitations on SOD's ability to assist the CIA.

Undated ASCI memoifandui, p. 2. 2 Memorandum from the DDP to the DCI, 11/9/64, p. 2.

101

421

0. Relationships Between the Intelligence Community Agencies and ForeignLiaisonServices The subjects of the CIA's operational testing of chemical and biological agents abroad were generally being held for interrogation by foreign intelligence or security organizations. Although information about the use of drugs was generally withheld from these organizations, cooperation with them necessarily jeopardized the security of CIA interest in these materials. Cooperation also placed the American Government in a position of complicity in actions which violated the rights of the subjects, and which may have violated the laws of the country in which the experiments took place.

Cooperation between the intelligence agencies and organizations in foreign countries was not limited to relationships with the intelligence or internal security organizations. Some MKULTRA research was conducted abroad. While this is, in itself, not a questionable practice, it is important that such research abroad not be undertaken to evade American laws. That this was a possibility is suggested by an ARTICHOKE memorandum in which it is noted that working with the scientists of a foreign country "might be very advantageous" since that government "permitted certain activities which were not permitted by the United States government (i.e., experimeits on anthrax, etc.). "131

3. The RelationshipsBetween the Intelligence Community Agencies and Other Agencies of the U.S. Government Certain U.S. government agencies actively assisted the efforts of intelligence agencies in this area. One form of assistance was to provide "cover" for research contracts let by intelligence agencies, in order to disguise intelligence community interest in chemical and biological agents.

Other forms of assistance raise more serious questions. Although the CIA's project involving the surreptitious administration of LSD was conducted by Bureau of Narcotics personnel, there was no open connection between the Bureau personnel and the Agency. The Bureau was serving as a "cut-out" in order to make it difficult to trace Agency participation. The cut-out arrangement, however, reduced the CIA's ability to control the program. The Agency could not control the process by which subjects were selected and cultivated, and could not regulate follow-up after the testing. Moreover, as the CIA's Inspector General noted: "the handling of test subjects in the last analysis rests with the [Bureau of Narcotics] agent working alone. Suppression of knowledge of critical results from the top CIA management is an inherent risk in these operations." The arrangement also made it

132

impossible for the Agency to be certain that the decision to end the surreptitious administration of LSD would be honored by the Bureau personnel.

The arrangement with the Bureau of Narcotics was described as "informal." 113 The informality of the arrangement compounded the problem is aggravated by the fact that the 40 Committee has had vir

13 ARTICHOKE Memorandum, 6/13/52. IG Report on M1KULTRA. 1963, p. 14. 'xIbid.. This was taken by one Agency official to mean that there would be no written contract and no formal mechanism for payment. (Elder, 12/18/75, p. 31.)

422

apparent unwillingness on the part of the Bureau's leadership to ask

for details, and the CIA's hesitation in volunteering information. These problems raise serious questions of command and control within the Bureau.

4. Relationships Between the Intelligence Community Agencies and Other Institutions and Individuals,Public and Private

The Inspector General's 1963-Survey of MKULTRA noted that "the research and development" phase was conducted through standing arrangements with "specialists in universities, pharmaceutical houses, hospitals, state and federal institutions, and private research organizations" in a manner which concealed "from the institu

tion the interests of the CIA." Only a few "key individuals" in each institution were "made witting of Agency sponsorship." The research and development phase was succeeded by a phase involving "physicians, toxicologists, and other specialists in mental, narcotics, and general hospitals and prisons, who are provided the products and

findings of the basic research projects and proceed with intensive testing on human subjects."

1

According to the Inspector General, the MKULTRA testing programs were "conducted under accepted scientific procedures .. . where health permits, test subjects are voluntary participants in the

programs." This was clearly not true in the project involving the

135

a complete lack of screening, medical supervision, opportunity to observe, or medical or psychological follow-up.

The intelligence agencies allowed individual researchers to design

surreptitious administration of LSD, which was marked by

their project. Experiments sponsored by these researchers (wiich in- chided one where narcotics addicts were sent to Lexington, Kentucky, who were rewarded with the drug of their addiction in return for participation in experiments with LSD) call into question the decision by the agencies not to fix guidelines for the experiments.

The MKUTLTRA research and development program raises other questions, as well. It is not clear whether individuals in prisons, mental, narcotics and general hospitals can provide "informed consent" to participation in experiments such as these. There is doubt as to whether institutions should be unwitting of the ultimate sponsor of research

being done in their facilities. The nature of the arrangements also

made it impossible for the individuals who were not aware of the sponsor of the research to exercise any choice about their participation based on the sponsoring organization.

Although greater precautions are now being taken in research conducted on behalf of the intelligence community agencies, the dilemma of classification remains. These agencies obviously wished to conceal

their interest in certain forms of research in order to avoid stimulating interest in the same areas by hostile governments. In some cases today contractors or researchers wish to conceal their,connection with these agencies. Yet the fact of classification prevents open discussion and debate upon which scholarly work depends.

"mIbid. p. 9.

"3' Ibid. p. 10.

103 APPENDIX B

DOCUMENTS REFERRING TO DISCOVERY OF ADDI

TIONAL MKULTRA MATERIAL

22 June 1977

MEMIOR.ANDUN FOR: Deputy Director'of Central Intelligence

THROUGH : Deputy Director for Science and Technology

SUBJECT : Request for Guidance on Handling Recently Located MKULTRA Material

1. (U/AIUO) This memorandum is to advise you that additional MKULTRA documents have been discovered and to obtain your approval for follow-on actions required. Paragraph 7 contains a recommended course of action.

2. (U/AIUO) As a result of John Harks FOXA request (F-76-374), all of the MIKULTRA material in OTS possession was reviewed for possible release to him. Following that review, the OTS material in the Retired Records Center was searched. It was during that latter search that the subproject files were located among the. retired records of the OTS Budget and Fiscal Section. These files were not discovered earlier as the earlier searches were limited to the examination of the-active and retired records of those branches considered mo!t likely to have generated or have had access tp NKULTRA documents. Those branches included: Chmistry, Biological, Behavioral Activities, and Contracts Management. Because Dr. Gottlieb retrieved and destroyed all the MKULTRA documents he was able to locate, it is not surprising that the earlier search for MIKULTRA documents, directed at areas where they were most likely to be found, was unsuccessful. The purpose of establishing the MKULTRA mechanism was to limit knowledge of the sensitive work being performed to those with an absolute nO'd to know. If those precepts had been followed, the recently found B& F files should have contained only financial and administrative documents. (In retrospect, I realize that

Dqcfaxl d by -I"7

dale

-__ . 29 qL

104

u E T: Request for Guidance on Handling Rece-. Located MULTRA Material

a serious error was made in not havina B&F files .-other seemingly innocuous files searched earlier) .A- most of the individual subproject folders contai: rciect

proposals and mer.oranda for the record, which i: -.--a degrees, give a reasonably comalete picture o t e-: of research through For your a:.:

funded 4.UTRA. the original memorandum setting u-KULTRA, signel Mr.-Dulies, is also anon; these docunents. A cc:

me7oranu. is attached.

3. .U!ATU0) At this writin;, it does in:-.a that there is anything in these newly located fiet would indicate the actiiies WIKULTRAwere More -t"i or iord cn:troversial than indicated ov the Senate (Church) eo...tee Report. If an i the re-er i true, i.e., m-os or the K-n1r? subarciects--------.---Thus, the overview of MSUJLTPA is essentially Un !-c.

With twz exceptions, the present find fills c:!nin :

. .'A One of these .cxcpt os is : rer c..:-concerns an activit-tht .: -epore That deals w t.

c--Ilier. rro-iect a knockd:::drug which was concoeitant wi~t, anz-a o, cancer research at a maior universr.v It ------that an oaiective reading of that nroiect iwould =nznstrate the search for knockout materials and anesthet-cs :-e

compatibl' actiities. However, the re~searct : stated tht "ch-emical agents.. .will be Suibjected, screenin... advanced cancer varients".

5. (Cl Subroiect Number 35 contains full tils t

o CT7' e.tr ibution of $35,000 to the G -r T Building(Fund. The Agenv was :.

. involvecin: drue research proEra:s. manv of h were being cod:-.cted h ----. azilries were i1dequatetC. in order to xaciiitzat the once-i: research prozrr-; it was decided to expedite the -iln progra :: ce :-ribut:inz to it throu:a 'ch"-'c :: was also bcinc used to fund soece of the research prrjezts.

105

Suj.ECT: Requcst for Guidance on Handling Recently

Lcted .-IEULTRA Material

be controversial in that it was

The contribti-n could

appear to be a private

made throu -h a mechanism making it donation. ?rivate donations qualified for, andtZ 0 &

an equal amount of Federal matching

-received,

from the Office of General Counsel dated

funds. A tter 21 Febuary 215 attesting to the legality of this funding is in the Eil.

-76. (N'AU9) The Legislative Counsel hap been C

made aware c: the existence of these additional NKULTRA are still under review and saniti:ation.

documents which

The MARKS case is in litigationand we are committed to advise Mr. a-:rksof the existence of these files shortly, and to deliver the releasable material tc his attorneys

by 31 July. A Aetter from the Information and Privacy to ::r. Ma k-:s' attorneys informing them of the.

Staff

in the cocrcination process

existence -: this material is

and is scheiylei to be mailed on 24 June.

There are now two actions that should

(. T'.150)

be taken:

to

a. Release aorropriately sanitized material required by FOIA litigation.

;

Mr. ::r-S' tt orneys as

nform the Senate Select Committee of the

.

records prior to

-existince.of the recently lochted

inforr; Mr. Marks' attorneys.

both of these actions.

It is reco=mended that you approve of

S. (U/AIUC) If additional details on the contents of this material are desired; the 015 officers most familiar to brief you at your conkenience.

witl it are prepared

David S. Brandwcin Director . Office of Technical Service

The Didctor of Central Intelligence

The Honorable Daniel K. Inouye, Chairman

Select Committee on Intelligence United States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510

Dear Mr. Chairman:

During the course of 1975 when the Senate Committee, chaired by Senator Church, was investigating intelligence activities, the CIA was asked to produce documentation on a program of experimentationwith the effect of drugs. Under this project conducted from 1953 to 1964 and known as "MK-ULTRA," tests were conducted on American citizens in some.cates without their knowledge. The CIA, after searching for such documentation, reported that most of the documents on this matter have been destroyed. I find itmy duty to reportto you now that our continuing search for drug related, as well as other documents, has uncovered certain papers which bear on this matter. Let me hasten to add that I am persuaded that there was no previous attempt to conceal this material inthe original 1975

exploration-r The material recently discovered was inthe retired archives filed under financial accounts and only uncovered by usingextraordinary and extensive search efforts. In this connection, incidentally, I have personally commended the employee whose diligence

produced this find.

Because the new material now on hand isprimarily of a financial nature, itdoes not present a complete picture of the field of drugexperimentation activity but itdoes provide more detail than was previously available to us. For example, the following types of

activities were undertaken:

a. Possible additional cases of drugs being tested on American citizens, without their knowledge. b. Research was undertaken on surreptitious methods of administering drugs. c. Some of. the persons chosen for experimentation were drug addicts or alcoholics. d. Research into the development of a knockout or "K" drug was performed inconjunction with being done to develop pain killers for advanced cancer patients, and tests

on such patients were carried out.

2

e. There isa possibility of an improper payment to a private institution. The drug related activities described inthis newly located material began almost 25 years ago. I assure you they were discontinued over 10 years ago and do not take place today.

Inkeeping with the President's commitment to disclose any errors of the Intelligence Community which are uncovered, I-would like to volunteer to testify before your Committee on the full details of this unfortunate series of events. I-am inthe process of reading the fairly voluminous material involved and do want to be certain that I have a complete picture when I talk with the Committee. I will be intouch with you next week to discuss when hearings might be scheduled at the earliest opportunity.

I regret having to bring this issue to your attention, but I know that it is essential to your oversight procedures that you be kept fully informed in a timely manner.

Your

STANSFIELD TURNER

109

APPENDIX C

DOCUMENTS REFERRING TO SUBPROJECTS

date

1 May 1953

MEMORADI FMRTE RECORD

SUBJECT: Project MULTRA, Subproject 2

1. Subproject 2 is being set up to provide a secure and efficient means to exploit in rega to the MKOLTRAprogrem. in r d

4::; ---2. g a practicing psychiatrist in W . and a faculty member of the His ast ---4 positions have ineluded Chief Neuropsychiatrist a t ---

Chief o the Psychiatric Section at -3

and OSS experience during World War II. He has been of value in the general MRULTRAfield as an overall advisor and consultant, he has been of value in contacting individuals in the

area and in setting up projects there, and he has done work himself which has contributed to the MKLTRtA field. His professional activities and known connections with the -

3.. Subproject 2 would include:

a. Miscellaneous research and testing services in the general field of MKULTRA. b. Services as a contact and cut-out for projects in the MKULTRAfield, primarily those located in t area.

c. Monitoring of selected projects in the MKTRA field, when located in the central area. d. .Services as a general consultant and advisor in the MKULTRAfield. 4. The total cost of this project is not to exceed $4,65o.co for a period of one year. -5. -.. is cleared through TOP SECRET on a contact

basis.

Chemical Division/TSS

_date " * APPROVzD:

96-408 0 -77 -8

APPROVEDl: ,"Chief, C eia.Dvs~ 5 PROGAM APPROVED AND MCcaThNmED: APPROVED FM~ CN3LmATION OF FUNDS: -Reeih. Director Date Attacoent: Origi-a2 Onip.:

111

PROPOSAL.

Objective: To study the possible synergistic action of drugs

which ay be appropriate for use in abolishing consciousness.

Situation: There is reason to believe that two or more drugs,

used in combination, are more effective than single drugs.

The a-mbined effect of some drugs, such as combinations of

barbiturates,. areeknown. With other combinations, -the degree

of synergism is not known. If considerable synergism is found

to exist, two possibilities must be considered: (1) that a particularly useful combination may be found, and (2) that a particular combination may be hazardous because of its effect on respiration or some other vital function. To minimize

hazards,. animal experiments should precede human experiments.

Pronosal: Allocation of $1000 for animal experiments, to be

drawn on as needed. That experiments be conducted informally at -without a specific grant, and with appropriate cover.

PROPOSAL

Objective: To study methods for the administration of drugs vithout the knowledge of the patient. Preparation of a manual.

Method: A survey of methods which have been used by criminals for surreptitious administration of drugs. Analysis of the psychodynamics of situations of this nature.

Proposa: That $1000 be allocated for this purpose, funds to be requested as needed.

&

113

date -J.UN -In' 3.2 Lugo"tJ,55

MID21mIID FOR: S RECEI

SUBJC s Project IEOLIRA, Subroject M

a

1. Subproject 2* is being initiated to secure and aficient mean of exploi with regard to the NKUIMs program.

2. ia practicing psychiatrist in p and a faculty mber of He has been of value in the s p serving as an advisor and cunultant, contacting individuals in the IS -C

area, and carrying, out his own research program.

3. Subproject 2i would include the followings W Miacallaneom research and testing eelicea

(a) in the general field af.)EOLA.

(b) Services as a contact and cutout for projects in fiethose located in (a) Monitoring of selected projects in the EDI2 field when located in the central

(d) Services as a general consultant and advisor in the EUILTR field. act as medical advisor and oonsultant

(a) He would as gg etablish-

C.4 w Uvil be reimbursed for his services and expenses upon receipt of an invoice at irregular intervals. When travel expenses are incurred through of a camon carrier, they will be dougmated and

use

that is, consistant with

reimbursed in the usual manner;

standard Government allowances.

-G~;e ~'~-j -ar.'

-III. U~I I.

114

2 Octoo 3

MEMORANDUM FOR TEB RECORD

SUBJECT: Project MLTRA, Subproject 16

1.-Subproject 16 is a continuation of Subproject 3, which involved the establishment and maintenance of facilities for the realistic testing ff certain research and development items of interest to CD/TSS and APD/TSS. The facilities were set up under Subproject 3, and Subproject 16 is intended to provide for the continued maintenance of the facilities.

2. Subproject 3 was originally intended to provide funds for the maintenance of the facilities for one year; but it turns out that the costs of alterations, equipment, and initial supplies were underestimated in Subproject 3; hence the necessity to establish Subproject 16 at this time.

3. Subproject 16 vill be cdnducted by a 21O Certain support activities will be provided by CD/TSS and APD/TSS.

4. The estimated cost for a period of one year is$7,740.00. C cv-

Chemical Division, TSS

PROGRAM APPROVED APPROVED FOR OBLIGATION

AND RECOMNDED: OF FUNDS:

'p

RDe:dch-irec t or

Date: Date: /~ c-s

Original Only,

115

r urel avesaio'hi n tv

opezied--ac t ular chech n thea

o aak f:.SafetY --:i adened anc joint crount b -ng n thW a . ce orsideath ou could reco.r; the

aV fritlibut difficultIcaoe okysuies

acc h cc e to-reeeat from -san-ofr bay a fd

zthaMnacs t plaath neylen8cdea'th-aruaouerIcommunctedt.,

excoln I ahig ardto ud inetn o e-itggl gotda mttase evths a beiered to provide wXinth-fulds Il aneal dif futie co sn

o oiia

also founditad taso pletad fr hiabrilt rcoeda

tati alad Tcn nt(9i elaqane

iith e and beinrcedr:tatel -vrote a rerence for ofc -c statio y .; lno kinde ac is opee I s ne t yoir fand plesedtCasherfo' r hd c ote a

edhs ie dea, suggevs you rteon hae Aemetan thastoi reeiane cas Bnosaniend re4-ou ilfedme-a h ceighJ 1

thyou thbiasis inetl to-aai.ie

de .oalAnd nov thathe accotmo is -ang a ugGest

yo70-U have funs depositedvria 'Casher' chsciz-c o....sr 'say

6iodered cok a '&reon enbave asrdedstationerybe6 I osied .his migt acliltate paymnt_ otoil, t ,b mi

-A n.-',Wat vith, susicious-banks; landla'da, tlt .-- coanes., etc , you is 11U understandtIthst crenLg the Jsn-1--

;.tArde pfimsonlity in th fo' ofjr2 is taking altl doing: Se you nday, the 8th

116

LMORANDIS1 FOR m

TMR ECORD

SULicT: Project ICULilRA, SubproJect 23

1. The scope of this project is inteleV/to encompass all those activities now engaged in by the in its own facilities under the direction of CD/TISS. CO At the present time the varicus projects at this facility (

-&VV and are being concluded and it is deemed desirable from the standpoint of security and efficiency to replace these projects with a single project more general in its appoa

2. The attached pioosal from Dr. icates the extent of the. investigations that his facilities will aollo him to carry out on the .aterials developed in the three projects referred to in paragraph 1, as vell as certain other materials of interest to Cd/TS Dr. ?. also serves as a general consultant to this divsion rovides cover and cut-out facilities to the AGenoy. 3. The total cost of this project for a period of one year will not exceed : 2,70O.0(. !. Dr. -abeen granted a Top Secret Clearance by the Agency and is fully capable of protectinZ the security of the Goerment'3 interest in such matters as this.

lca iisin, TS3

APPROVED:

-J We,h:al Diin P -dS

FPC='! U'DOED APPROVED ?M2 0L .C

A:1.:' I-: O-FC-S -3

117

The present ± vdstigation is concerned with chemLcal agent. which are effective in modifying the behavior and function of the central nervous ystem.

1 -It is proposed to study a variety of knoun drugs in this pharmacological class that are in present day use and to synthesize n chemical agents or to modify existing ones as occasicn may demand.

on

2 -The various chemical agents investigated or synthesized vill be tested

Their pharmacological effects ill be studied by a variety of assay technics, such as blood pressure deterdnations, bronchial dilatation recordings, endocrine effects, etc. Caplate aninsl facilities vill be maintained for this purpose and pathologic

animals to determine their acute and chronic toicity.

are sacrificed.

study ill be carried out an the affected organs when the animals

3 -Preliminary clinical investigation vill be carried out an the more promising checal agents, and appropriate laboratory procedures ill be performed, such

as blood counts, urinalysis, etc. to determine the effectiveness and the side

reactions of the drugs under investigation.

4 -Adequate reports will be submitted of the findings at quarterly interval.

5 -Proposed budget:

Personnel

$7,500.00 Research medical associate 6,500.00

Synthetic ox panic chemdst

,500.00

Pharmacological assistant

Cemical assistant

4,000.00 Histology technician 2,400.00 CLinical technician

3,600.00

Cheical consultant

$30,700.00

Total salaries for peronal

Other Epemditures

Animals, animal maintenance & facilities 4,000.00 Cheical & laboratory supplies , expendable 4,000.00

2,000.00

Miscellaneous permanent equipment

Travel, medical meetings, etc. 2.000.00

12,000.00

Total other expenditures

$ 42,700.00

TOTAL

8 October 195T

MEMORANDM FOR TE RECORD

SUBJECT: Increase in the Scope of Subproject 23, Project MKULTRA

1. Due to e/considerable increase in the scope of the work undertaken by a t the direction of TSS/CD under Subproject 23, Project MKTRA, the $42,700.00 sum originally obligated for this work is insufficient to cover the year's costs. It is therefore proposed to

add $15,000.00 to that already obligated under this Subproject.

2. The total coat of this Subproject for the period 28 January 1954 to 28 January 1955 will thus amount to $57,700.00. 3. The increase in scope responsible for this proposal consists of the development and partial financing of two new sources of biologically active compounds of interest in the progrsm TSS/CD is carrying out.

Chemical Division, TSS

APPROVED FOR OIGATION APPROVED: 0 FONDS:

Research Director Chief, Chamical Division, TSS

Date:

original Only.

3-J LA4 ~ -7~'

119

25 AuguSt 1955

MERANDUM FOR: THE RECORD

SUBJECT: Authorization for Payment of Certain Expenses Under Project MKULRA, Subproject 23

1. In order to carry on the work of the above Subproject, it was necessary to test the effects of certain chemical substances vhen administered to human beings. Certain of the anticipated effects involved mental functions which precluded the use of mental defectives for this particular study.

. a -*

2. In view of these circumstances the project engineer. with verbal approval from his chief, authorized the contractor to pay the hospitals expenses of certain persons suffering from incurable cancer for the privilege of studying the effects of these chemicals during their terminal illnesses. The total funds expended in this fashion amounted to $658.05 and full value was received. 3. It is requested that the Chief, TSS indicate his knowledge and approval of this particular expenditure for audit purposes. TSS/Chemical Division

APPRCVED: APPROVED:

.ie f, fS 4hief, TSS'Chemical Division

Distribution: Orig. -TSS/CD

120

21 December 1954

M4MRADUM FOR: Director of Central Intelligence

SUBJECT Project INULTRA, Subproject 35

1. While the Director's statutory authority to expend funds believe for confidential purposes is not limited by law, we that a gift of Government funds as such would exceed the intent of the Congress in granting that power. Hoever, where a gift is made

of producing something of value to this

for the express purpose

is a reason-

Agency which cannot ctherwise be obtained and there able expectation that the value may be received, the gift may in effect be an expenditure for proper official purposes.

2. In Subproject 35, it is stated that.the donation in question would achieve certain ends desired by TSS. There seems to be no question that those ends would be advantageous, so the to be whether they could not be attained

main questions appear by more direct, normal methods, and, if not, whether the return is necessary and reasonable in relation to the donation.

are in no position to review the requirements of TSS

3. We or to appraise the advantages that would result from this project. We do not comment, therefore, on the value received if'the project results in the benefits foreseen. We feel we should

corment on factors affecting the probability of achieving those legal sense, there is little or no control. Once

ends. In a the funds are donated, the individual, his foundation, or the hospital could conceivably refuse to work for us or allow us the use of the facilities.

seems to be established as well

4. Practically, the control as circumstances permit. Certainly, as long as the individual is alive and in his present position, we have every reason to expect his complete cooperation in the future as in the past, unless through scoe

act or fault of our own he is alienated. Even in the event of his death or incapacity, there appears to be a reasonable

DCopy#d1d to:of1cop

by authority If: !87475 A *~ao:.~ns1977

-

.a 7; La134 Copy #1 ofil copy

121

cherce c ontir.. the ro,:ect. if these probabilities appearzurficient to chtain an adequate return for the expenditure, there can be no legal objection to this aspect of the project.

5. It should be noted that there are two Circumstances which require consideration in a final determination. As stated in Section V, our contribution, by appearing to be from a private source, would increase the matching Government contribution by a similar amount which would not be the case if it were known that this was in fact a Government contributicn also. Secondly, it is the stated policy of the hospital tb charge the Government end commercial organizations 80 per cent overhead on research contracts, whereas nonprofit foxundations pay only direct costs but no overhead. Because of the ostensible source, our projects will not be chargedoverhead. This could be construed -as mbrally wrongful to the hospital,-.as normally we would pay the 80 Per cent overhead charge for projects performed directly for us, but I believe this can be offset, at least to the amount of our donation, and perhaps by the further a:ount by which the other Government contributions are increased by our dcnation. In any case, if the project is a proper one and must be performed in this manner, security dictates these circu'stances and they, therefore, do

not present a legal obstacle as such.

6. We raised the question whether funds for the hospital construction could not be obtained from other normal charitable sources. It appeared that there was a sting possibtility that the individual concerned could raise adequate funds from private resources, but it was the position of TSS that if this were the case we would not obtain the-commitment from the individual and the degree of control which this project is desiGned to achieve. IAWHRENCE R. HOUSTON General Counsel

-!:'ar~oed to: thsrit of : 187475 7!-2q77

Dorngraded to: by authority -: 27-173 Iatc:JUIDo1177

22 IITDE:Z; CL E713:7

Copy # 1 of 1 copy

122

8 April 1955

U!VJMMIIIM FOR~: Chief, DD)/P/T-zc3 SUBJECTAiendmmenTto Sub~r-T ject 35 of Frcject ZZT2TRA

We have noted ycur menorandiun of 6 April 1955 to the

Directorreneti-an increase of YIT50,OCQ for the TZS MID budget for this Froject. l'Thie, request does not affect

in any .-ray the comments in my mrecrzndauo of 21 Dacember 1954.

Docnaradad to: b,.authority of: 187475 N c'z:J1=0 1977

:I2 I!TDET; CL B3Y187475

Coy#1ofIcp

123

5 May 1955

A "-ticn of the 1Rosech and D9-7elo-,--nt P cgrmn of TSS/ChanicaJ. Di-Aion~r 13 dsvoted tothe diacovery of the follrwuing =atearl"s and mnethods:

1. Sub ctances which will promote illogicei. thinking and inpuJluivenes3 to the point wliare the rcxipient would be discredited in public. Substances which increase the efficiency of Tetation and perception.

-2.

3. natarials vihich will prevGent or cournteract tho intcccting offact ,of alcohol. 4. Miterials which will renote the intoxicatiz-Z of- fee of alcohol. 5. Yaterials ich will proiuce the stgns and ytn of recognized diaoas in a reversible uW so that thay x=.V be used for imallngering, ae. 6. Mter-4als which will render the indaotion of hypnosis eaasr or otherwise nnYce its u.,efii1.ness. 7. Sabstancoe which will enhance tho ability of i-&-i. iduals to withztahd priva.tionx, torturea and coercion during intarrc~ati=n and socal b--ain-qiaahingu.

8. Materials and phyzical methods which will produce amnesia for event3 precedirg and daring their use. 9. Physical mnethods of proeucing cho&': and ecsAision over c =-ended periodze of ti--s iod capable of sur.Ptit-JoUa use,

10. Substances which prod-ace physical dinablement such as paralysis of the legs,. acute anemia, ae. e:t

Ul* SUbstances 'Uhich will problace ureu' euphoria with nocubsequent let-down.

12. Substan'ces which alter proOnallity structure in such a way that the toander~cy of the recipiCst to become depecndent uecm another person is enhanced..

13-A matori2J. w"Mch w-4ll cau.3e rantaj~confusion of such

typsz that the i c~iv-dual iz.rits influc viii fin i diffiC lt to maintain. a fanbrication cne

ueationing.

14. Substances which will 1--4ar tho aenbiticu and general 1w0-kng efficonoy of men whan adminintered in undetactable awmuto.

15. Sutances which loreote weaess or distortion ofth CYezh Or herig 'culties, pro,)era-bly without rper=a-Snt cf'iCct3.

16. A kmcciccut P4ill which can surreptitiously be administered in cL-'C ' food, ciga~rettes, as an aercsol,

etc., which will be s,-3e to use, provide a nx-ini of =c n,d be suitablz fcr u-se by agent types an ad boo basis. on

17. A Matzrial which can be Surroptiticusly

adminis

tered by the alove routes end which in very sa-ll a---,=to

will zake it jz-,,ooible for a man to perform any phy7sical activity w~hatever. 1he davelopmsnt of naterils of this ty6 foi-z h st?.ndcrd prnctica of such ethical dn4 hou:=s

as

14MIt is a rc latit-oI7 roatine procedure to devaIDD a e-rugto the Point Of hun-= t--ztin-g. O.cnrltha d.Ug hcunes deopendup~on the czrvicos of private phycicians for the final ci~a

tasti.-g.

'L-3 physicians arc willing-to assuno the re-oriiity.

Of such

tests in.crdcr to edvem-ce the science of medicine. it

is dific*lt and sometirnss irmpossible fOr TW3/CD to offor auch

an inidu-c=,:nt with rospect to

Its products. In practice, it hMsbzen possible to usa outzide occeed contracto~rs for the precBmino-y

rhcoo this uscrk 11owavor, that part whX.fh involves humantooting at effotive dose levels presents esc'urity problems whichcannot bac handlsd by the ordinr-sy ccntractor.

125

The propozed facility oj2S~ffara a unique oppor

tit'y for thaeaar barUXO -sdi~ cZ '-ach clinical1 tosting, in r&d±tion to the marzq z:±mntagos cutlined in tho project proposal. The scurity p-.cb3.cna3 manticned above Pra slimimatad b7 the fact that ths rozenaibi-~t-

for the tostin.7 will rest cczmoiotoly Wpon the rpbFoicim and the hospital. I--Ia

I ill T.1c :M/ por~zx., to sc; 2zvi33 the -!ork!: cliozelr to -mseow gua-that a'l-tosts aore conduct-ad according to the recogni4zed practices cind c:.dy azieqiate eafoguzrd3.

.No.

96-408 0 -77 -9

126

10 May 1955

SUBPROJECT 35 OF PROJECT MKULTRA

1. Subproject 35 as approved by the DGI on 15 January 1955 contemplated a financial contribution of $125, 000 to the : to participate in the construction of a new.repearch wing to cost $3, 0 000 exclusive of furnishings and equipment. Agency funds will be transmitted through the acut-out which --B will result in oe-sixth oc e s~p=ace inthe new researca wing being made available for Agency-sponsored research involving covert biological and chemical techniques of warfare.

2. At that time (15 January 1955) am with CIA -1 encouragement indicated a willingness to contribute $500, 000 to the construction fund. The building fund was to have been raised as follows: $1,000,000 -Contributed by -1 250, 000 -Donation from of which $ 125, 000 to be supplied by CIA 1,250,000 -Matching funds under Public Law 2Z1 equal to the amount of the two above contributions

500,000-:-B

$3, 000, 000 -TOTAL

3. Since it now appears that the expected contribution by will not be forthcoming, permission is requested to increase the Agency's contribution by $250, 000 which will result in a financial situation as follows:

$1, 000, 000 -Contributed by -1 500,000 -Donation from including . $375,000 supplied by CIA 1,500,000 -Matching funds under Public Law 221 equal to the amount of the two above contributions

$3, 000, 000 -TOTAL

4. The Agency's contribution would thus total $375,000. This investment, together with the equal sum resulting from matched funds, is fully justified in the opinion of TSS for reasons which will be explained by -C. Chief, TSS, and Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, Chief, TSS/Chemical Division. The scope of subproject 35 has not changed since the Director originally approved a request by TSS for permission to spend $125, 000 of available

rocedures established

controls and f-%!.':LTRA. At the time subproject 35 was set up within the scope of

rads for tihs purpose through the

:.,S M, D pro:;ram, security considerations and cover arrangements legal

tC-

werc c.ircesily.reviewed, and the Office of General Counsel assisted in steteri:mations. With the exception of funding arrangements, no changes in :irogram have since been made.

sum o $125, 000 are available

.Funds to cover previously approved

wt -in the TSS budget for FY 55 and have b en set aside. The TSS

,ud ct, however, lacks funds with which to co r the supplemental sum of $250, 000, and it is requested that the TSS udget be increased by this amount. Supplementary funds available for subproject 35 can definitely be obligated by the end of FY 55.

L :Llhouty of: 167-175

i. .: !:o1977 12 .. I:-: CL By 1874175

-2

128

AMENDMENT TO SUBPROJECT 35, PROJECT MKULTRA

For the Purpose of Establishing a Cover Organization for Highly Sensitive the Field of Biological, Chemical and Radiological Warfare

Projects in

I. Background of Subproject 35. In January 1955 approval was given by the DCI to Subproject 35 of Project The documents which lead to this approval (including comments

MAKULTRA. of the OGC) are attached herewith as Tabs 2, A and 3.

is the framework of procedures and controls under which research projects in certain highly sensitive fields are carried out by TSS. may be found on

Project MKULTRA

A description of the background of Project MKULTRA page 1 of Tab A.

Subproject 35 establishes cover 'under which the Chemical Division of conduct certain sensitive projects in the fields of biological

DD/P/TSS would and chemical warfare and consists of

a proposed arrangement whereby the

Agency covertly contributes funds to assist th in the construction of a new research wing.

Contribution of these

-B

funds is to be made through the 4 s cut-out so that the

would remain unwitting of Agency participation in the building program. Projects would later be carried out by the Chemical Division using the facilities of the and Agency employees would be able to participate

new research wing, the work without the University or the Hospital authorities being aware

in of Agency interest. Subproject 35 contemplated the contribution of Agency funds to assist in the construction of facilities.

Future research work would be carried out through the. as cut-out and would be

separately funded under existing procedures and controls.

and the background of -B h are described on page 2 of Tab A.

On the

same page there will be found a further description of the 1

II. Building Fund. 000, 000 for the six-story addition to the

The University will require $3,

hospital exclusive of the cost of land, heating and power supply which are being provided by the University. Under Public Law 221, Subappropriation

01.'riys:177

663, dated 26 August 1954, funds are available to match funds raised for

this purpose by the University.

When Subproject 35 was first prepared, it was hoped and expected that the

funds required would be provided as follows: The University has allocated

$1, 000, 000 to this project and will assume upkeep and staffing obligations.

agreed that if the Agency would provide S -B

with a grant of $125, 000, the Fund would match this amount and

make a total donation of $250, 000 to the University Building Fund. At that

time, discussions with Ago 0

indicated that would contribute $500, 000

to the building project on the basis that radi ogical research would be

conducted in the new wing and that the constr ion of the new facilities

was of interest to that Agency. In summary, th financial situation was

to have been as follows:

$1, 000, 000 250, 000 -Donation from (of which -3 $125, 000 was supplied by CIA) 1, 250, 000 -Matched Funds under Public Law 221 500,000 --Q$3, 000, 000 -TOTAL

It was recogpized that the Federal contribution 1,250, 000 under Public

Law 221 would be seemingly inflated by reas of the inclusion of the CIA

contribution in that of

It was felt that the value to

the Agency was such that this inflation of the Federal contribution was more than justified by the importance of the over-all project and that furthermore, the inclusion of the CIA contribution in that of _____ was the best means of maintaining security.

III

/3

The original informal commitment ont pa f w was first obtained through verbal discussions with

wl'ch were fcllowed up by an exchange of corresponden e between the DCI and 40 1

C. Unfortunately at that time was fully occupied with the controversy concerning the

and continued contact with -C subordinates resulted in a ecision that could not or wvould not contribute to the Building und, but would be

w. ing to support an annual research program amount to $50, 000 to $75, 0 It is not Copy # I of I copy

130

known whether this change in policy was suggested tp o or -C_ whether it originated with him. Be that as it may, when the change in policy became apparent, it was evident that additional funds would be required to complete the hospital construction.

IV. Suggcsted Funding. It is now suggested that the $3, 000, 000 required for the hospital wing be provided as follows:

$1,000,000 500, 000 -Dnonfro l'including $ 375, 000 supplied by CIA) 1,500,000 -Matched Funds from Public Law 221 $3, 000, 000 -TOTAL

The donation from ould thus consist of the original $125, 000 to be. supplied by CIA plus the sum of $125, 000 to be provided by the Fund and a supplemental CIA contribution of $250, 000. Originally Subproject 35 requested permission to make a contribution of $125, 000 to the building fund and approval was given. This approval is enclosed herewith as Tab 2. The purpose of this amendment to Subproject 35 is to request permission to contribute an additional $250, 000 to the building construction fund through it should be noted that -3 the total Government contribution to the hospital fund still remains unchanged at $1, 875, 000. The increase in the size of the contribution by the Fund is not out of keeping with other operations of 6 and will -13 not arouse undue comment because of its magnitude. The originally approved contribution has not as yet been transmitted to and neither the -4 original contribution nor the supplement would be paid to 'd until -funds adequate to complete the project are made available. This condition was specified by the DCI in approving the original contribution.

V. Source of CIA Funds. Funds to cover the initially approved sum of $125, 000 are available and have been segregated for this purpose within the TSS FY 1955 Budget for Research and Development. Insufficient funds remain in the TSS budget to cover the supplementary sum of $230, 000, and it is therefore requested that the TSS

. budget be increased by this amount and that the increase be made available to Subproject 35 of Project MKULTRA.

Copy # 1 of 1 copy

-3

131. VI. Comments by the Office of General Counsel. Tab 3 is a memorandum from the General Counsel to the DCI dated 21 December 1954, commenting on Subproject 35, and stating in part that there are no fundamental legal objections if the probable benefits are considered a fair return for this expenditure. The amendment to the Subproject contemplates only an increase in funds and in no way changes any other aspect of the project. The project has been referred back to the OGC

even though no change in its structure is contemplated, and Tab 4 contains his comments.

VII. Justification. The advantages and benefits accruing to the Agency outlined in Tab A are

felt by TSS to provide adequata and complete justification for the expenditure of the additional sum herein requested which brings the total CIA contribution to $375, 000. The most important of these advantages and benefits

may be summarized as follows: (Fuller explanations may be found in Tab A).

a. One-sixth of the total space in the new hospital wing will be available to the Chemical Division of TSS, thereby providing laboratory and office space, technical assistants; equipment and experimental animals. b. Agency sponsorship of sensitive research projects will be completely deniable. c. Full professional cover will be.provided for up to three biochemical employees of the Chemical Division. d. Human patients and volunteers for experimental use will be available under controlled clinical conditions within the full supervision of -. Subproject 35.was originally conceived in October and November of 1954, and the dnsuing six months have indicated that inc reasing emphasis and importance are being placed on the Chemical Division's work in this field. The facilities of the hospital and the ability to conduct controlled experiments under safe clinical conditions using materials with which any Agency connection must be completely deniable will augment and complement other

programs recently taken over by TSS, such as -4 rc,.- I'll of'7 18747115 1775copy 4 1 of I COPY 7 77

132

It was originally thought that at least 18 months wouLd elapse after the building funds had been raised before the facilities would be finished and could be occupied by TSS, This lengthy delay has now been overcome.

IMVJWhas raised the $500, 000 which his Fund will ostensibly contribute, he will then be allowed to use existing space in the present hospital in

order that he may build up the organization which will later occupy the new will be able to begin to take advantage of this

wing. This means that TSS cover situation within a a

matter of months instead of waiting for year and

a half.

VIII. Security. Security matters. and details are being co-ordinated with the TSS Liaison and Security Officer. Security of transmittal of the funds and cover arrangements are described in Tab A and remain unchanged.

IX. Agreement with 4 E The agreement with as is described in Tab A, and the extent of his co-operation and the control over his actions remain unchanged.

X. Resultant Financial Saving. The total contribution of $375, 000 by CIA will, result in an additional $375, 000 in matching funds provided under Public Law 221. It is felt that the expenditure of these total funds is justified by the importance of the programs which will be pursued at the new facility. Even though the CIA

contribution is increased under this amended project,

the total of Federal funds remains unchanged. The use of this facility will allow work to

proceed under conditions of cover and security which would be impossible to obtain elsewhere without an expenditure of equivalent or greater funds. In addition, by funding individual projects for this facility through the

13-.no charge will be incurred for overhead expense. If research projects 1'ml'111 I iare openly sponsored by the U1. S. Government, it is customary to pay an overhead rate equivalent to 80% of salaries. However; if a non-profit fund, such as -5

sponsors research, the funds granted for the work are customarily used only to pay for salaries, equipment and supplies, but not overhead. The Agency thus buys considerably more research.through -9

40 han would be the case if no cut-out were used.

Copy # 1 of I copy

133

Ll-rezlh l-te fle on*~tA Subproject 35, with 0-=c*znt ov, the-1-:!" aspects. * T.hle-there is no le::al cont.rol -i

thrnre ccrt2tin incidenta1 conzidera.ticnz,

tihere is rno ~ 'nft1leg'al obji-cnf Lcb

ProbabL b -ne2it-, --re cozi-"rd a far ____

for thia expenditure. ___________

(DATE)

I~FORM NO. 10.101 JAN 1952 4

134

Tab A

SUBPROJECT 35 -PROJECT MKULTRA For the purpose of establishing a cover organization for highly sensitive projects in the field of covert Biological, Chemical

and Radiological Warfare

I. Background of Project MKULTRA. In 1953 the DCI approved Project MKULTRA which established procedures and controls under which research projects in certain highly sensitive fields could be carried out by TSS without the necessity of signing the

usual contracts. The approved procedures apply

over-all Research and Development budget, and no additional funds

are required. Controls established in the Project Review Committee

approval of the Research and Development program (other than the

signing of a contract) remain unchanged, and special provisions for audit are included. All files are retained by TSS.

Thesd procedures and cbntrols were approved since it is highly un

desirable from a policy and security point of view that contracts be

signed indicating Agency or Government interest in this field of en

deavor. In a great many instances the work must be conducted by individuals who are not and should not be aware of Agency interest. In other cases the individuals involved are unwilling to have their names

on a contract which remains out of their control in our files. Experience has shown that qualified, competent individuals in the field of physiological, psychiatric and other biological sciences are very reluctant to enter into.signed agreements of any sort which would connect them

.with this activity since such connection might seriously jeopardize their professional reputations.

When Project:MKULTRA was approved, it was not contemplated that it would be used for the establishment of cover. Over forty individual

research and development projects have been established under this framework and have been carried out extremely successfully, both from technical and administrative points of view. The experience gained in handling these projects has emphasized that establishment of better cover both for the projects and for associated Agency scientists is of utmost importance. Subproject 35 would establish such

cover.

Dornareded to: Aba - b z-. 1: ty-or C?75 * 10-77 x.t~ortty Of: 107475 jv~ 1977 !i2'T; ME BY 18S7475

135

II. Background of the Th was incorporated in -IJ

It has a Board of Directors of six

who as Executive

Director of the Fund. it has solicited funds from various individuals to finance a program of basic research in the chemotherapy of cancer, asthma, hypertension, psychosomatic. disorders and other

chrbnic diseases. Since 1951 Q ha-co-operated.with. the__.. Chemical Division of TSS and acted smoothly and efficiently, both as

a cut-out for dealing with contractors in the fields of covert chemical and biological warfare, and as a prime contractor for certain areas of biological research. Projects presently being handled for the Agency by the Fund are administered under the controls and procedures

previously approved for MKULTRA.

members, one of whom i acts C

III. Background of is internationally known as a

in the field of41gliPresearch and is -C In thbepast nas eenassociated in

a research capacity with both the '3

1MARISg l Du-ing the war l it served as av -c

in the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery in the Navy. Since then he-has

maintained a consulting relationship to the Navy medical research pro

gram. : is TOP SECRET cleared and witting of Agency C.

-

sponsorship of-the programs carried out by the Fund as are two other

members of the Fund's Board of Directors.

IV. Fund. eactively engaged in aTcampaign to raise funds or toe purpose of erecting a new clinical research wing on the existing

The research wing will cmsist of a -I? building six stories high, 320 feet long and 50 feet wide. Two-thirds of the space wvill be research laboratories and offices while 100 research beds will occupy the remainder. partici-r

pation in the fund-raising campaign outlined below will result in his

having control of one-sixth of the total space in addition to the base

to:-..r!d ).

i of: 187C75op . Copy # of 2 copies

S.:J::-: 1S77

136

ment and general out-patient facilities. In this effort, C has secured the enthusiastic support of tlbe medical faculty an the officers of the University who have carried the preliminary arrangements forward to the maximum extent of their resources.

V. Financial Situation. The University will require about $3, 000, 000 for the story addition. This sum is exclusive of the cost of land and the heating and power supply . which are already available -t the site7 At the present ti me under Public Law 2Z1, funds are available to match funds raised by the University. The University has allocated $1, 000, 000 to this project and will assume upkeep and staffing obligations. has-agreed that if CIA -C will provide a grant of $125, 000, will -13 match this amount ann mae oltal donation of $250, 000 to the University Building Fund. This Agency's contribution will be made under the con-1

dition that it will be refunded if construction does not take.place.

TSS has discussed this situation with ______M and has encouraged. to donate

500,000 to the building project on the basis that 1 ! . will be conducted in the new wing, though aware of our interest in the building, is unwitting of our specific fields of researchy.

-and individual projects. In summary, the financial situation would be as

follows:

--$1,000,000 250,000 -Donation from ($125, 000 supplied by CIA) 1,250,000 -Matched funds.from Public Law ZZ 500,000-mam erne -3 . $3, 000, 000 -TOTAL

Although it is recognized that the Federal contribution of $1, 250, 000 under

P. L. 221 is seemingl inflated by reason of the inclusion of the CIA contribution in that.of actually the value.to the CIA is -/S $250, 000 and not just $125, 000, the amount of CIA's contribution; furthermore the inclusion of the CIA co ntribution in that of 4Nis the best method of maintaining security.. -lrozn['nded to. t' athority of': .

187475

(:,0: Juns 1977 --J--e-Copy # of 2 copies

137

VI. Difficulties Faced by TSS. some time that the external re- the field of covert

It has been generally recognized for

search activities of the Chemical Division of TSS in biological, chemical and radiological warfare are sorely in need of Although Project MKULTRA provides excellent admini

proper cover. strative and financial cover for projects, it does not afford cover for been used for

scientific or technical personnel. MKULTRA has dealing through

as a cut-out and for working directly with individuals or-private companies. The use of in the future will be increasingly limited-due to

(a)' The increasing number of people who, albeit properly cleared, are aware of the Agency

-

connection with 8

(b) The feeling by M that the Agency -C employees contacting him (Drs. Gottlieb, etc.) have no cover of any sort and -C consequently expose him to unnecessary and highly undesirable personal risk; and

(c) The widespread intra-Agency awareness of the nature of the relationship between the Fund and the Agency. Another serious problem faced by TSS/CD as a result of lack of suitable cover is the difficulty in planning careers for technical and scientific

personnel in the biological field. A long-range career concept of activities in this field inevitably includes proper cover for the individual concerned. The availability of research facilities

at OI ill offer an excellent opportunity to solve many of the above problems, and is willing and able to make any reasonable arrangements to suit our needs. Up to three Chemical Division employees can be integrated into . -C

program for work in the new hospital wing on the Agency's research projects. Although career planning was not a consideration when planning the procedures and controls established

by Project MKULTRA, nevertheless this particular subproject, in addition to its primary objective, will be of very great secondary help

7 n uthority of: 187475 -. Copy 9

of 2 copies

ILTD^T; CL B1 18747. -4

-

C

138

in simplifying and eliminating many of the very awkward and dangerous conditions facing certain Chemical Division employees.

VII. 'Advantages and Benefits Accruing to TSS. The contemplated arrangements will.jesult in many advantages and benefits, including the following:

(a) One-sixth of the total space in the new research .wing is to be available to and -C in turn, will be available to the Chemical Division of TSS. This will provide laboratory and office space, technical assistants, equipment and experimental animals for use of Chemical Division personnel in connection with specific future projects.

(b) The cost of Chemical Division projects which are to be carried out under this cover will be covered by funds made available through Project MKULTRA, and projects will be subject to the procedures and, controls established for.MKULTRA. The funds will be passed through

s has been done in the past. %iIll in turn will either pay expenses directly or transfer the money to the University for this purpose. Each project will be individually funded based on its particular budget, and there will be no other continuing or recurring charges for items such as space, facilities, etc.

(c) The Agency's sponsorship of sensitive research projects would be completely deniable since no connection would exist between the University and the Agency. (d) Excellent professional cover would be provided for up to three bio-chemical employees of the Chemical Division of TSS. This would allow open attendance at scientific meetings.. the advancement of personal. standing in the scientific world, and as such, would constitute a major efficiency and L*c to

Dr rdod

t-:rthrity cf: 137175 C :: Je 1977

Copy #_/ of 2 copies

C-5

139

morale booster.

(e) Human patients and volunteers for experimental use will be available under excellent clinical conditions with the full supervision of ( f) There would be available the equivalent of a hospital safehouse. (g) It is expected that the output of useful results of the Chemical Division in the bio-chemical field will be greatly improved through the more efficient use of technical personnel who would be able to spend more of their time on actual laboratory work. (h) (i) Excellent facilities would be provided for recruiting new scientific personnel since members of the Chemical Division working under this cover will be in daily contact with members of the Graduate School of the University.

(J) The regular University library and reprint seryice will be available as a source of. technical information.

VIII. Funding. It is proposed that $125, 000 be granted to if approval is granted, TSS will arrange for payment to be made under the procedures and controls of MKULTRA. These funds would come

out of the presently approved TSS Research and Development budget for FY 1955 and no new funds are involved. The funds would be transferred as a grant to uIn In turn

will match these funds with an equal amount and donate a total -of $250, 000 to the University as outlined in paragraph V. The sum of $125, 000 would be entirely in the nature of a grant and would in due

fl' rrdod to: b" :.iaor ty 0-: 187475

Copy # / of 2 copies 1977-6

C27Li.

L BY 137-175 --6

140

course be merged with the entire $3, 000, 000 raised for the construction of the wing. The Agency would retain no residual interest in the building or title to any equipment or facilities purchased with this

money.

This single grant will constitute the Agency'.s entire participation in

the new hospital wing, and there will be no recurring obligations in the form of annual support of the hospital or additional grants. Transmission of Agency funds to will be made -8, through previously established cover.channels set up by thea

for similar transmittals in the past. The donation on 4M books will be shown as having been received from 43

-In the future when TSS sponsors sensitive research projects which are to be carried out in each project will be individually financed through as it has been in the past in accordance with previously established procedures and controls using allotted portions of the annual Research and Development budget. The University will be totally unwittingof Agency sponsorship, and the projects to every outward appearance will be sponsored by M . C

In the event of death, will continue in being and any activities under this project will be continued through Ca fl~ and will be unaffected by his death.

IX. Memorandum of Agreement. A memorandum of agreement will be signed with -C

outlining to the greatest extent possible the arrangements under which the hospital space under his control will be made available to Chemical Division personnel and the manner in which cover will be provided and other benefits obtained. No contract will be signed since -C would be unable to reflect any of the Agency's contractual terms in his arrangements with the University when makes the donation in question. The memorandum of agreement will be retained

in TSS.

X. Security. All security matters and details are being cojordinated with the TSS/ Liaison and Security Office..

fl ::iid toa: Z4:7 t of: 137475 J,:zo 1077 Copy Nf A of Z copies

141

XI. Resultant Financial Saving. The $125, 000 to be contributed by CIA plus the $125, 000 in matching funds

provided under P. L. 221 to the Building Fund will be more than offset in a few years by the savings which will result from use of this non-profit fund. If a research project at or other educa

tional non-profit institution is sponsored by the 1J. S. Government, it is customary for the Government to pay for salaries, equipment,

supplies, .etc. and for overhead as well. In the case of . .

the overhead amossnts to 80% of salaries. However, if a non

profit foundation such as sponsors research at a non-profit institution, the funds granted for the work are customarily used to pay for salaries, equipment and supplies but not for overhead. The Government dollar thus buys considerably more research through

than would be the case if no cut-out were used.

XII. Legal Matters. This matter has been discussed with of the Office of General Counsel, and he is fully aware of all details surrounding this

grant.

rofd to: Copy # Ofthrt..187475 JUZs 19~77

copy A of 2 copies

96-408 0 -77 -10

142

9 AprilIVwr

MEMORANDUM FOR: THE RECORD

SUBJECT Trip Report, Visit to . 7 April 1963

1. The purpose of this triP was to make arrangements for closing out the pro jec. iad been given ample previous notice that such was likely to be the iaent of the visit. anI he pro- pared himself accordingly. Z. It was explained to inp that it would not be possible to carry over funds beyond the end of the current fiscal year. Therefore all work would have to be completed and all payments made prior to 30 June. This deadline appeared acceptable to him, and it was agreed that I would make my final visit there to receive reports and attend to final details on 16 Juno. Q did not have a current financial report, but he estimated that funds currently on hand would be about sufficient for remaining expenditures. Be agreed to send the Society within the next 10 days a more exact statement of current balance and estimated remaining expenditures. I tried to impress on him strongly that transfer of additional funds and/ or return of unexpeaded funds must be completed well bfore the end of the fiscal year. 3. Of the 30 cases called for in the original doeign 13 have been completed (but only 4 have been transcribed from the tapes). In addition there are 8 cases in proLreos (of which two are already in interview and 6 are worked up to the point of having the lists of questions prepared). It was agreed that to meet the deadline we would have to limit the design to these 26 cases. 4. It is apparent that' is so Involved in the administrative problems of the project that he is not paying any attention to the results. Since to date only 4 cases have been transcribed there is no way of telling what is coming out of it. I assume there were no dramatic reactions, because the interviewers would have let him know about them had they emerzed. It is possiblo, however, that our own analysis cf the data may dredge up something of value, although I am dubious on this point. 5. gave me his usual long involved talk on the difficulties he had encountered which account for the delays. He also talked at some

143

length about his --"pcrimear.* -th bypnoul.. gos_ aspecta of wactb are mildly h.aur-raiamng. Fial ho made quite a pitchL for contining

Comec duch project as this ncott year, withL roalisac. aputum~ deadlines." I told him we would diacues posiilitic i~ter the present project was

compicted and we badl . cha~lco to closely examine the take.

Distribution:

144

July 18, 1958

Dear Mr.11 oi-N

The experiment designed lo test the effectiveness of certain medication in causing individuals to release guarded information has been completed in accordance with the original experimental design, with the exception that 25 instead of 30 cases

were used. This matter was discussed in more detail in my letter

oT July 15. Abstracts on all 25 cases, transcriptions of the interviews, Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Tests given at the hos

pital and previously given at this clinic, post-experimental .

rankings and evaluation sheets, and a schedule covering the drug

administration have all been submitted to you under separate

cover.

Enclosed is a financial statement which reprk sents the final accounting of the funds allocated by you for use in this

project. If, for your purpose, you require a more detailed sum

mary of what specific professional services were performed or more detail with reference to travel expenses or any other item,

kindly let me know.

You will note, in this connecion, that Dr.Wvas compensated in an amount exceeding thatpa. to Dr. This was occasioned by the fact that Dr." sient much tie che ng the files and records at the and O Prison selecting cases that m g e stable for our pur

pose. It was from the cases selected by him that the subjects used in the experiment were finally chosen.

I have been instructed to write a check to the Society for the balance in the account as o3 today. I would like to

Mr. Page Two

delay this matter for a few days. Several checks have been writ

ten during recent days, and I would like to be sure they cleared

the bank i .before closing out the account. You will

receive a check in the amount of $1356.26 early next week.

If there is any additional information required, I will be happy to cooperate.

Enc.

146

ty est:.-4-ty oC-: .18747S Ca: : 1977 /Y

FJLEldUWU PhiN

Z : CLEY 187475 1."CArI1 .'he rescarch Project will be carried cut at, he -13 locatedcat which in -(

icated , Rn The . 4 ospi has one thousand, one hundred and thirty-five (1,135) bods. At the present tine thoro ere one hundred and forty-two (142) napsychotics classiied es cri-0.nal-seael psychopaths. ThOro are four full-tire psychiatristo and varying nuabcro of endical interns; two

workers; nurses and attendants. The superintendent of the Hecepital is : za wittin renber -C of the resesrch t.a-. -The in-titution cos urder the directie of

--tIrmecutive Secretary of the Stata "Icpartennt of fental Health and

any re 'earch project is nornrally approved by the Co-ordi.nator of sronrch of the State Denrtent of aental Health. will secure -C this e-proval. or-fl.1:in dco space evilazle erA it is -C. possile for the rusoarcl teaa to sleep at the Hospital while eerryisz

out their investigation.

psycholo-iztrl four soc.al

from the hund-d and forty-two

The subjccts will be selected on

(162) crinisal-cortal psychopaths on idiom there is an edaquate previous investi, ation including police roports, physical, nsycdantric ad prycholcic eacdrntions -nd accial hin-eorca. The a, range of the

Do-znwded to: t" f'.tcrity ofa: 187475

Ct': J1:ie 1877

J. 15/. I; CL I: 107475

147

rubjects varies from t::.0-ty' 'as saOvety years and ther a otion oi intallizcnce levels and social tnck70onde.

Th following ran are sugzostod for the research toam:

C

, a pzychologist who has had etonsive

experience in er dning crii aJ, F}as iriten extonsively on psychopathic sexual deviations; is an authority on poly- Croph and intorro:ation rethods.

--C

*flf for ren thirty years, a psychiatrist to has spent his life in the trrotrnt of the criminal inrano ='d r=intins the crLy institution for the cr -Cand treatant for the cririnal-sxaal psychopath.

a prycliatrist who has a large private practico. At the pocent timra he is exclusiva3y devoting his tine to psychcanlycis. Ho has had extensive axnericnco exirdnir crinzCals. As a Navy psychiatrist to has had extensive cxerience in WIC

in the field of eastern cultures, Oriental psychiatry, brairwashing, etc. He hao also done drug interrogation with crimntls and has engagod in narconalysis and h.,pnoanlyis.

d to: flNI-2

t7.1Lhrity C: 137475 date: JOn: 1977

-:2 CL fY 1S7475

S?475-

* . y trit ::o is en tho-C utfIf of end rnitoains a private practice in the field or psychi try. has had wide experience in -C

doaL-Z r~t rT--.lja3 jo~zi bor.n-a

CL4 ve Years, including dr-g interc;,ation.

dolug th crirlialas goiQg back wOnvty-nJL-Lp

c Tf aphys3ician for the post twenty-five -C yors,

has been -'3

had cxtcnsive expOr--C once eal)iZ wiTh all sorts of crizinls d ha s onaged in rca interrogation. LOcidos his city position, he also raintains a private practico in the field of general.

l edicine.

-has O co-sted cmn of tbo perchiatrists from

his staff abo is interested .xd has used drags 1in the treat- rent of patients and has also used hypnozio nith mretal patients. The roesrch aseiotants have not been celected

as yet but rijht well include payoloeliste or raies now attachud to * Ze cecrutary ill

be prG:;ont secrntery 'to will do all the eaces--C ocry tene: rephic work in ad .ition to her presnt duties. H

Three tear of two csnior proonaitonal zata each will be colected. f On, teen workin: with the selected grcup of ptiea will una stra iht Ltorro;ation, h.:mnolu tx.d hypror3i :nan ad h!.pnoin and a

149

tetrhr;eocrnnabbol nctata Cerivatibv. AnoLher tez.n working on another

roup o cbjcctr wUill uze str4-ht interrogation, IZD uitlh interrogation and a trtrz.Cdrocenlnabinol acctato derivative and intorrogation. Later.the third tean with anther Croup of c U use straif t interrocation and a cotirnation of LSJ and a tctrhydrocnmabinol acetate

derivative.

A reing of all the roers of the research prooect will be briefed on the druZs to be u:ied and all of t'i pharnacoloeicfl and rndical =oWledge gained so far in the use of theco drugs.

Ina:Loctirc Lroups of abects for experintation, the ffllowing objectives will be sought: 1) Cubjects will be selected .fio have denied allegations

of vYrious 1-inda that can bo chocked or strongly ren:d

on the basis of previously established records.

2) As far as possible, the actual 'research ran rd-dnistering drus wrill not be awaro of the drug he is ad-dnistering cnd pinocobs will be intermrsed with drug adiistration.

3) Procautions will be taken to neutralizo age, intelli

guces physical condition, social bckground and any other controllable factor in ecelecting 5roups. Adidnietration of drugs will be done both openly and eurreptitiously.

4) ocund recording will be iasdoof the interroation -nd wrt %ton reports will beLobtded in othter care:. . it*?tt.of :* * :r..) 1 fl 7 . 1 7i75 I

J.C1077 r-;U i:-0z~ CLrcce In j C'-tin' rmthods of of interro_-,tion with dru;: anti otbor tciniquiea -. i:fl bo c-hecited aaln~bct-~i rccords r-nd qiw~ita.tivo and cramlt~tti-m rcnorba vwIll 1, cvalua~ed. Accurate aad J-I~=roportz S.ill bo kcpt --iur.-ms will be =1)-. mgtted on tho bazij of ;Ltorin pro~reso and corp2leta

151

DRAPT/a"o

30 January 1961

V2240RANDUM.! FOR THE RECORD SUBJECT: Project MKULTRA, Subproject 2

1. Subproject 42 is to be continued for the same purposes as when originallyestablished: to support covert and realistic field trials of certain research and development items of interest to TSD, and to maintain the physical facilities required for these trials. 2. In the past year a number of covert and realistic field ,trials have been successfully carried out. The seults of these experiments have provided factual data essential to establishing protocols for a number of contemplated operations. A continuation of covert and realistic field trials are necessitated by the production of new materials in TSD programs, particularly in areas requiring detailed knowledge of the effectiveness pnd efficiency of deliverjI

systems. Additional trials are also necessitated by the need for better controlled "field-type" experiments.

3. The estimated cost of the ,project is $5,000.00 for a period of six months. Charges should be made against Allotment 1125-1390-3902. . Accounting for funds and equipment under this subproject

has

been established on a detailed basis with the auditor and will continue as in the past.

152

5. is approved for TOP SECRET by the Agency and operates under cover for purposes of this subproject. TSD/Research Branch

APPROVED FOR OBLIGATION OF FUNDS:

Date:

Distribution: Original only.

153

EMORANDUM THE RECORD

FOR SUBJECT: Project MKULTRA, Subproject 42

1. Subproject 42 is bein e tab *shed to provide for the continued support of the acilities, and as such, is a continuation of Suboroect 16 Under Subproject 42, it is intended that the -jacilities be moved from.6' to These facilities,

in the new location, will continue to provide a means for the realistic testing of certain R and D items of interest to CD/TSS and APD/TSS.

2. Subproject 42 will be conducted by Mr. a seaman. Certain support activities will be prcvided by CD/ISS and APD/TSS.

3. The estimated cost for a period of one year is $8,300,00, starting 1 March 1955. 1:2EY G(ArL=-B Chief

TSS/Chemical Division

APROVED FCR OBLIGATICN APPROVED FOR ADDITIONAL OF FUNDS: OF (ft28. 3

OBLnsaTWSor UD

I KtesearCf Ulrector esearh D ect

4

Date:

Date:

Original Only.,

MRANDUM FOR: THE RECORD

SUBJECT : Project-MKULTRA, Stlbproject 45.

1. The scope of this project is intended to encompass all those activities nov engaged in by the a in its own facilities under the direction of TSS, Chemical Division. These activities will take the form of three lines of biochemical investigation;

namely, the curare-like effect of certain thiols, the prepara

tion of hydrogenated quinolines and indole alkaloids, and the

continued study of diphenolic compounds. In addition to the

above investigations, the present biological testing and as

saying techniquesi will be elaborated and broadened to include

cardiovascular and anticarcinogenic effects of compounds re

sulting from the above programs.

2. The attached proposal from dicates the extent of the investigations that his facilities will allow

him to carry out on the materials deieloped in the three lines

of research referred to in paragraph 1 as well as certain other materials of interest to TSS/CD. also serves

as a general consfdtant to this Division and provides cover and cut-out facilities to the Agency.

3. The total cost of this project for a period of one year will not exceed $100,000.00. At the present time, the sum of $40,000.00 is being committed, the balance of the total to-be com 5 ted at a later date. . 4. -as been granted a TOP SECRET clearance by the Agency, and is fully capable of protecting the security . of the Government's interest in this matter.

TSS, Chemical Division APPROVED FOR OBLIGATION OF FUNDS: APPROVED:

Sawibf TS/CemialDiviso

APPROVED FOR AIDITIONAL APIROPRIATIC

Attachments: Proposal

Research Director Original Only.

4 Nate: (

155

Manumanre' rsCOR -s 1MMA UMFORt. THE RECafLD

SUBJECT: Projwitt-KILRA, Subproject 45

1. The scope of this project is intended to encompass all those -4Munder the direction of TSS/CD. These activities tae the form of three lines of biochemical investigation, namely, the Curare-like effect of certain thiols, the preparation of bydrogenated quinolines and indole alkaloids and a program of investigation of toxic cerebral states. -.This last investigation will include. bio-assay and chemical- analysis of various body fluids of animals in which cerebral toxemias

have been produced. It is the aim of this program to endeavor to understand the mechanism of such states as toxic delirium, tiremic coma, and cerebral toxicity from'po soning. In order to continue the established "cover" activities of t and to make available a

Pool of subjects for testing purposes, the and-& pool of effects of compounds resulting from the above program will be evaluated.

-2 . The attached proposal from iadicates the extent of the investigations that his facilities will allow him to carry out on the materials developed in the three lines of research referred to in paragraph one, a well as certain other materials of

interest to TSS/CD. so serves as a general consultant to this Division and provides cover and cut-out facilities to the

Agency.

3. The total cost of this project for a period of one year will not exceed $100,000. Charges should be made against Allotment 6-2502-10-001. . 4. has been requested to subinit a summary account

ing or a copy of th annual audit report be made available for the sponsor's inspection. Also, it has been requested that any unexpended funds shall be returned to the Agency.

Title to any permanent equipment purchased by funds granted hall be retained by the lieu of higher overhead rates.

* other than its activities as a cut-out

Deog to:

187479

b . ority of-475 E2 I! ~ CLBY167475

-17 -----

-2

6. It was mutually agreed that documentation and accounting for travel expenses which are normally reimbursable by the 4W shall conform wiGtKe acpted practices of th

(4) . . eed to comply with the requirements of Y

the Memorandum of Agreement.

c

CAPfROVED

APPROM FOR OBLIGATION Chief , T 8/Chemical Division OF FUINDS:

Research Director

Date ___ ___

Attachment:

Proposal

Distribution: Original Only

Do-.d to:

L S7 187475

t:Jun

E C 7

2 .r;CL By 287475

157

1960

-

The researci to be undertaken durtng the twelve month

pertod for shtch ftnanctal support to requested wt1l be devoted

to the conttnued analysts of the neural and endoortne mechantam hemtcal agents that tnfluence tt. The screentng

of stress and the.

procedures are based largely upon a further analysts of phases of stress and the tnfluences of thts phystologto behavtor complex

upon both body and sktn temperatures as detatled tn the accompany-

Eng report. constr.ued

The chemtcal synthests of new compounds trtll be under the superttston of

at the under the supervtston

and at the

o .--These chemtoal agents wtll be screened for thetr capactty to provoke stress or t.o suppress the stress reactton testtng wtill tnclude pharma

. tn Lts acute or chronto phases. Antmal cologto screentng and proper toxtctty studtes..of these compounds as

heretofore. Chemtcal agents that have been. found acttve and wtthtn a suttable toxtotty range wtll be subjected to cltntcal screentng on

approprtate pattents, the tntttal screentng betng carrted out on advanced cancer pattents. The amount of money devoted to chemtcal

has bean firther reduced. Chemtcal compounds

synthests, however,

as those synthesteed tn t?

avatlable from btologto sources as well project wll be screened, parttoularly those that are acttve tn etther ratstng or lowertng body temperature.

to be of tnterest

As heretofore any agents whtch prove

-.. .. n*,<' th nn transvlant

-..n

96-408 0 -77 -11

158'

GantmaZ tumors ndnana nce patiienta.Th6S -' :areo/ project zutll be od-nstdPred-a by-.product of thte major objeottve,-7 whtch wtll be dtrected to the problem of stress.

ANNGNOTICE

SEIMTECEIGENCE

I.iTRD NVOLVED

159. MEMORANDUM FOR: THtfEconn SUBJECT . Continuation of M.ULTRA. Subproject No. tis

1. The scope of this subpro'ect includes all those activities now engaged in byy under the direction of TSSftD-with the exception of those cutout functions specifically mentioned in connection with other MKULTRA

this subproject

subprojecf In general, the research effort under will continue along the lines.laid down in previous years. These involve the synthesis and pharmacological and clinical evaluation known to have hpplication

of compounds of those chemical families in the psychichemical and "K" fields. During the past year important progress-has been made in

the area related to stressor compounds and the relationship of these materials to the physiological pathways through which both stress and the reaction to it are mediated in human beings. (As is indicated in the attached proposal, the work of the past year has progressed to

the point where more definitive can Primarily

experiments on the stress reaction be carried out. this was brought about by the characterization of several

new humans and the applica

stress reaction in tion of some new

.u materials which produce

clinical methods of measuring the extent of the

During the next year proportionally more effort will be expended on the problem of the development of new

P o disturbance produced.

160

is desirable in this direction and because a new approach to the problem has been worked out.

a. also serves as a general consultant to the Agency, provides services of a sensitive nature on an ad hoc basis, and serves as a cut-out in procurement problems. 3. The total cost of this project for a period of one year will not exceed $71, 500. 00. Charges should be made against Allotment 0525-1009-4902.

4. has been requested to submit a summary accounting or a copy of the Fund's annual audit report for the sponsor's insection. Also, it has been requested that any unexpended funds shall be returned to the Agency.

5. Title to any permanent equipment purchased by funds granted shall be retained b , in lieu of higher overhead rates.

6. It was mutually agreed that documentation and accounting for travel expenses which are normally reimbursable byIP. -Mshall conform with the accepted practices of the Fund.

tosraded ts: CCORNIUML ca

autority off: 187475 datc: June 1977

E2 I""DT: CL BY 187475

161 MMORANDM FOR: TE MOD SUBJECT Continuation of MKOLTRA,Subpxoect ro. 45 1. The scope of this subproject includes all those activities nov/ngaged in by ~ under the direction of TSD/EB vith zbhexception of-those cutout- functions specifically mentioned in connection with other IMLTRA subprojects. In general, the research effort under this subproject will continue along the lines laid down in previous years. These involve the synthesis and pharmacological and clinical evaluation of compounds of those chemical families known to have application in the psychochemical and "K"fields. During the coming year it is planned to concentrate more directly on the more practical aspects of the "knockout" problem. Enough new potent substances have become available lately to make such a change in-emphasis -vorthihila. In connection with this change it should be noted that certain findings made in w aMENM project at U vhich cannot 3e further exploited at that facility vill be pursued at in the future. For this reason it may be necessary to supplement the f andiglof this subproject from time to time during the year due to increases of scope. 2. also serves as a general consultant to the Agency, provides services of a sensitive nature on an ad hoc basis, and serves as a cutout in-procurement problems. .E2 I'?=; CL BY187475

162

3. *In total ot of this proJ.t for a pefi of ne ye-.1l not exceed $40,000.00. Charges should be made against Allotment

2125-1390-3902.

* O. bas been requested to submit a summary accounting or a copy of the Fund's annual audit report for the sponsor's. inspection. Also, it has been requested that any unexpended funds shall be returned to the Agency.

5. Title to any permanent equipment purchased by funds granted M shall be retained by in lieu of higher overhead rates.

6. It vas mutually agreed that documentation and accounting for travel expenses which are normally reimbursable by shall conform with the accepted practices of the Fund. Chief

TSD/Research Branch APPROVED FOR OBLIGATION O FUNDS:

Research Director

De

Attachment: Proposal and Budget Distribution: Original only

163

MEMORANDUM FOR THE RECORD o Lt SUBJECT :MKULTRA, Subproject 149

1. This subproject is being established for the purpose of supporting realistic tests of certain development items and delivery systems of interest. to TSD/BB. 2. During the course of development it is sometimes found that certain very necessary experiments or tests are not suited to ordinary laboratory facilities. At the same time, it would be difficult if not imp&ssible to conduct such tests as operatiqnal field tests. This project is designed .to provide a capability and facilities to fill this intermediate requirement. 3. The activities under this subproject will be conducted by Mr. , an individual in the import and export business, in Mr. e holds a TOP SECRET Treasury Department cleafice and a SECRET Agency approval. He is completely witting of the aims and goals of his activities.

. 4. Mr. possesses unique facilities and personal abilities which makes him invaluable in this kind of testing operation. Mr. because of Iis peculiar lants..and

capabilities as well, as his excellent connections with all of

the local law enforceient agencies, will provide a unique and

essential capability. Because Mr. is no longer re-C.

sident of the area, it is necessary that a suitable replacement be provided in order that a capability

for continuance of our activities be maintained.

5. The estimated cost of the project is $10,000.00 for a period of one year. Charges should be made against Allotment Number 4125-1390-3902. Reimbursement will be made for services rendered. 6. Accounting for funds advanced and any equipment under this-subproject will be in accordance with account ng proce ures established by

7. A memorandum of agreement along lines estab shed by previous audit recommendations in like situations will be executed. TSD/Biological Branch

Distribution:

Original only

165

on the Mechanism of Brain Concussion

SUBJECT: Request for Support of Research

the mechanism of

1. This is a request for financial support for research on 1 Feb 1956 to 1 Feb 1957.

brain concussion for the period

2. The resonance-cavitation theory upon which this research is to be based, has been presented in the proposal, submitted to th dated 27 March 1954. 3. The program as originally submAtted estimated the duration of the program to be from three to five years requesting a total of $72,109 for the initial year.

a reduced budget was submitted.

4.At the request of the to $24,925, was then awarded to the to support this program from 1 Feb 1955

, 5. .amounting

t Feb 1950.

to date under the above contract can be summarized as

6. The progress made follows: A. RESEARCH FACILITIES The following research facilities have been established for the investigation of the very diverse aspects

of the problems being studied:

Atotal of 250 square feet of laboratory and office space equipped with much of the diversified machinery and apparatus necessary for research in this field.

b. Blast Range A blast range has been established at located

approximately f the malaors ry. This

is closed to the public. Three blast test-series have been run to date.

area is owned rby theMand

Arrangments have been made with the for use

of their hmncadavers. A test

area has been assigned for this

WARNING

ELLIGENtCE ;ES'AND METHODS IN1VOLVED

166

B. PERSONNEL -Both full-time technical personnel and part-time professional research personnel have been acquired and indoctrinated relative to their specific function.

C. TECHNICAL PROGRESS Following is the technical progress made uxder the current

contract:

a. Specialized instrumentation and numerous testing techniques have been developed to obtain-the desired dynamic data. b. Considerable data has now been obtained supporting the resonance-cavitation theory of brain concussion. c. Preliminary acceleration threshold data has been obtained for a fluid-filled glass simulated skull. d. Data kas been obtained on the nature and the magnitude of pressure fluctuations within a glass simulated skull subject to either impact or sound waves propagated in air.

e. Initial studies have been made on the simulated glass skull attempting to establish the cavitation patterns for various types of impact. 7. The proposed method and program plan remain the same as stated in the original proposal, except for the temporary-deletion of the immersion blast study. 8. The current level of activity on this ptoject can be indicated by the most recent billing to the for the month of November, which amounted to $4,034.61.

9. In the interest of efficiency and economy it is requested that at least this level of activity be maintained for the coming year. WARNING Nfl

SELLIGENCE

AND METHODS INVOLVED

167

1.1 Trotter. W. defies brain concussion as, 'an essentially transient state due to head injury which is of instantanious onset, manifests widespread symptoms of purely paralytic kind, does not as such comprise any evidence of structural cerebral injury, and is always followed by amnesia for the actual moment of the accident."

10.2 The implication of the underlined portion of the above statement is that if a technique were devised to induce brain concussion without giving either advance warning or causing external physical trauma, the person upon recovery would be unable to recall what had happened to him. Under these conditions the same technique of producing the concussion could be re-used many times without disclosure of its nature. 10.3 First, considering the possibilities of direct impact to the head or body, it should be..possible-from the findings of this research program to determine the following: a. Optimum design of impacting devices. b. Optimum points of impact on skull or body for the specific effects desired.. c. Intensity of the blow for the effect desired. 10.4 In regard to the potential impacting devices, there are certain design requsitesothat are apparent at this time: a. The impact should be delivered without advance warning. b.. The area of impact and force distribution should be such that surface trauma does not occur.

c. The intensity of the impacting force and its duration should be such as to obtain the desired effect. d. The device should be as small and as silent as possible. 10.5 The specific impacting devices might take the form of any of the following: a. A pancake type black-jack giving a high peak impact force with a low unit surface pressure. b. Concealed or camouflaged spring-loaded impacting devices that trigger upon contact with the head. (Original and sole copy :agg)

168

-.*. -.-a. A prcjecttle type mpeter oan as an, ear asr. u sing a sall shot fllb eack fo a proJectle.

d. An explosive pad detonated in contact with the head or the body. 10.6 Let us now consider the possibilities of exciting the resonance cavitation directly without impact. There is coaisiderable evidence that resonance cavitation can be induced directljr in the following ways:

a. A blast wave propagated in air. (Blast Concussion) b. Physical excitation with a mechanical driver or horn, tuned to the resonant frequency of the head. 10.7 A single blast pressure wave propagated in air must have considerable intensity in order to produce brain concussion, however, there is considerable evidence (Carver & Dinsley) that modification of the

pressure wave can produce profound effects.

10.8 Excitation of the resonance cavitation by using a tuned driver at this time appears to be well within the relm of possibility. The neurotic-like manifestations normally associated with blast

Use of

concussion could possibly be induced by this method.

this methodtiowever, would require actual physical contact with

the drivers.

10.9 Excitation of the resonance cavitation by tuned sound waves also appears to be a reasonable possibility. Concentration of the sound- field at some remote point could be effected with accoustical lenses and reflectors. The blast duration would be in the order of a tenth of a second. Masking of a noise of this duration should not be too dificult.

11.0 It would possibly.be advantageous to establish the effectivness of both of the above methods as a tool in brain-wash therapy. A full knowledge of the method and the rpsulting sequela should be of aid to any person forced to submit to such treatment.

12.0 Possibly the most significant potential aspect of this study would be in the development of practical means of giving a person immunity, even though temporary, to brain concussion. One technique that appears to have potentialities involves the introduction of a small quantity

cord. This gas bubble

of gas, approximately 1 cc, into the spinal

would then normally migrate to the ventricles located at the centrun of the brain. The ability of this bubble to expand under dynamic loading would be most effective in preventing resonance cavitation

from occuring.

(Original and sole copy :agg)

%6-4C813.,(

MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD

MKSEARCH. OFTEN/CHICKWIT

MKSEARCH was the name given to the continuation of the MKULTRA program. Funding commenced in FY 1966, and ended in FY 1972. Its purpose was to develop, test, and evaluate capabilities in the covert use of biological, chemical, and radioactive material systems and techniques for producing predictable human behavioral and/or physiological changes in support of highly sensitive operational requirements.

OFTEN/CHICKWIT

In 1967 the Office of Research and Development (ORD) and the Edgewood Arsenal Research Laboratories undertook a program for doing research on the identification and characterization of drugs that could influence human behavior. Edgewood had the facilities for the full range of laboratory and clinical testing. A phased program was envisioned that would consist of acquisition of drugs and chemical compounds believed to have effects on the behavior of humans, and testing and evaluating these materials through laboratory procedures and toxicological studies. Compounds believed promising as a result of tests on animals were then to be evaluated clinically with human subjects at Edgewood. Substances of potential use would then be analyzed structurally as a basis for identifying and synthesizing possible new derivatives of greater utility.

The program was divided into two projects. Project OFTEN was to deal with testing the toxicological, transmisivity and behavioral effects of drugs in animals and, ultimately, humans. Project CHICKWIT was concerned-with acquiring information on new drug developments in Europe and the Orient, and with acquiring samples.

There is a discrepancy between the testimony of DOD and CIA regarding the testing at Edgewood Arsenal in June 1973. While there is agreement that human testing occurred at that place and time, there is disagreement as to who was responsible for financing and sponsorship. (See hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Senate Human Resources Committee, September 21, 1977.)

(169)

THE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL. INTELLIGENCE

WASHINGTON, D. C. 20505

Office of Legislative Counsel

23 December 1977

Honorable Daniel K. Inouye, Chairman Select Committee on Intelligence United States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510

Dear Mr. Chairman:

During Admiral Turner's 3 August 1977 testimony before your Committee and the Senate Human Resources Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, you asked

whether any Agency employees had been terminated because of their participation in MKULTRA Subproject 3. Admiral Turner indicated he did not believe any employee had been terminated, but would have Agency records searched on this question. Our records have been searched and the results confirm the Director's testimony that no such actions were taken.

Sincerel

Ge Car egislatve Counsel

171

QKHILLTOP DEFINITION

QKHILLTOP was a cryptonym assigned in 1954 to a project to study Chinese Communist brainwashing techniques and' to develop interrogation techniques. Most of the early studies are believed to have been conducted by the Cornell University Medical School Huipan Ecology Study Programs. The effort was absorbed into the MKULTRA program and the QKHILLTOP cryptonym became obsolete. The Society for the investigation of Human Ecology, later the Human Ecology Fund, was an outgrowth of the QKHILLTOP.


Franklin Scandal
News Research: 

  Catholic Priests, Sexual Abuse     top

PROGRESSIVE  REFERENCE 1%*
  • About.com Pope Benedict led cover-up of pedophile priests 
  • Abuse Penitent end priest penitent for child abusers
  • Bishop Accountability counselor Michael Wolf, Rev. James Kelly,  sexual abuse
  • Beau Biden, Pedophile Scandal more below
  • Catholic News
  • CBS News "Former Boys Town pupil James Duffy alleged in a lawsuit last month that the Rev. James Kelly and a counselor, the late Michael Wolf, repeatedly molested him in the late 1970s."
  • The Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences
  • ClericalSexualAbuse.com Rogge
  • ClassActionAmerica
  • Hidden Mysteries "Another Sadistic Pedophile GOP Religious Right Wingnut ..Rev. Thomas J. Smith defrocked, sexually assaulting and whipping boys, 1973-2004, Cardinal Anthony Bevilacqua accused in cover-up.
  • HiddenMysteries HARMING THE LITTLE ONES: THE EFFECTS OF PEDOPHILIA ON CHILDREN, by Timothy J. Dailey, Ph.D.
  • Leadership Council On Child Abuse & Interpersonal Violence
  • Leadership Council The Leadership Council's Examination of the Rind Meta-analysis The Leadership Council completed its review of a controversial study that purported to show that children are rarely harmed by sex abuse by adults. Our analysis found that the study by Rind et al. was seriously flawed. 
  • MSNBC Protestant Sexual Abuse figures file
  • USA Today
  • and see new photos at JohnnyGosch  Camp Caribou sack & more
  • New clue, Johnny Gosch, Maciel, Camp Caribou,

Depressing Odd Boring Angry Interesting Inspiring RELATED CONTENT Etan Patz Investigators Dig For New Clues in Boy's Disappearance 33 Years Ago (ABC … Federal investigators and New York City police are preparing today to dig beneath the streets near a Manhattan apartment building where 6-year-old Etan Patz disappeared 33 years ago. The search for Patz has been one of the largest, longest lasting and most heart wrenching hunts for a missing child in the country's recent history. Investigators are also reexamining the decades old assumption that Patz was abducted by convicted pedophile Jose Ramos. Ramos, now in prison for an unrelated case, was never charged with Patz's abduction. At least two other potential suspects have been examined, sources told ABC News. Patz vanished on May 25, 1979 in the SoHo neighborhood of Manhattan while walking alone to a school bus stop. Patz became the first missing child whose face appeared on the side of a milk carton.
Camp Caribou, Ontario? Catholic?  enlarge
  • New information from     (the left graphic compiled from photo on JohnnyGosch.com  "I (Noreen Gosch) received this photo recently, it is like so many others, as Johnny appears bound and gagged once again. However, this photo has something very significant in the background. It is a laundry bag from a "camp". The photo was taken in the early 1980's not long after my son was kidnapped. This photo appeared on a Russian Pedophile Website around Thanksgiving 2007 and sent to me a short time later. Someone has had it in their possession/collection for a very long time. ... If there are viewers of my website who are familiar with this camp, please email me at: [email protected].  I would appreciate any information you may have to share. I have obtained many photos of my son, as well as other boys which were taken in this same room. Apparently this location was used for some activities with children."   and search terms: Ontario, Canada, Catholic, camp   and see MORE on Camp Caribou, Catholic sexual abuse, Marcial Maciel
  •  
  •   go to  Johnny Gosch research enlargemore source source: WayneMadsenReport more
  •   MORE on Camp Caribou, Catholic sexual abuse, Marcial Maciel.  Legionaries of Christ   and YouTube
  • from cbdave01 to Robert Wadman:  A Message to Robert Wadman- ex omaha chief of Police about Murdered Kids and Child abductions by cbdave01 | June 25, 2008 at 11:33 am | 345 views | add comment To: [email protected] Cc: [email protected] Sent: Tuesday, June 24, 2008 7:12:56 AM Subject: Hey Robbie- its your old friend from Omaha again I was very disappointed not to hear anything from you after sending you an email- so I thought I would try again. You see my friend- I have tried to get my parents to take me to court about all of this over and over and over- to no avail- so when I was told that you were eager to take people to court- I figured we could help each other out. I am willing to bet that I can help to make this happen- so lets just say that both of us have had a prayer answered. I just wanted to let you know that the videos are definitely NOT the only thing I am guilty of doing. The communications I have had with the media, politicians, and victim advocacy groups have almost been daily- and now that I am involved with this in such a degree, it has pretty much taken over my life. You see- this time- I know that you dont have the alan and marsha baer foundation money to think about this time- since he is dead he is out of the picture- and so now maybe we can get some real discourse about all of this. I mean- did you really think it was fair to send one of my dearest friends Mark Anderson and the man you all dubbed "The Pied Piper of Porn" to jail for decades while not even giving so much as a real handslap to Alan and his six counts of having sex with minors. I of course have sent eveyone to look at this- and to ask the question WHY? Also- I have also sent everyone on a mission. You see- if they start looking at all that childporn that is being collected in Europe, we all know that they are not only going to see the eatery Stars- (that was down in the old market at the time)- but in many of those child porn and snuff films- they will see the Hollywood bar. You know- the one the city of Omaha immediately tore down when all of these allegations came out. I bet you werent betting on anyone remembering any of this- because Ted Gunderson and all of his friends didnt know anything about all of this. Funny. Last of all- and probably most important- I have told people that the bodies of those children are buried in legit graves in Forestlawn Cememtary off of 48th street in North Omaha. I know you guys thought you were so clever with that- but let me ask you this- now that people know about it and are now looking into it- EXACTLY HOW are you going to go retrieve what you left? IF you dont- you realize you are leaving it open for someone else to go look. And i assure you- in the end- everyone is going to want to see. This is the deal Robbie- you all better deal with this before you draw your last breath- because if you dont- you are going to end up right along with your savior and friend Alan Baer. A man- who- by the way- wont be saving anyone's ass this time. Get your fancy clothes ready- because one way or another- we are going to end up in court. Noreen Goshe is the LEAST OF YOUR WORRIES NOW MY FRIEND. By the way- speaking of Noreen- you attack her one more time- and I return the favor. You do have media where you live dont you? So far- everyone has been really really interested in this- so I bet the people in your home town would find it equally so. Better call your lawyer now. You want to deal with someone- threaten someone- intimidate someone= here I am Robbie. xxx xxx xxxx is my number- feel free to call. Just realize I will record the call and share it with everyone when we are done. Things arent going to go well for all of you with all of this FRIEND. I look forward to hearing from you. David shurter Also Noreen Goshe- you remember- the mother who has been in hell trying to get anwers for her abducted son for 25 yrs now- the one you have been trying to intimidate and harrass over all of this- has nothing to do with this. I am ccing her this email so she can see what I am doing. after i send this- I will be sending this out to everyone else- but I didnt feel you needed to know who they are. Better that be your surprise.  source: NowPublic   more
 

 

 

The Franklin Scandal -1989

Abramoff corruption scandals

Gannon, Foley, Haggard

Blunt / Hastert investigation

Brian Doyle, DHS, Texas youth prison system

 

   text of story

'Franklin Scandal' story from June 29, 1989 and YouTube video: 'Conspiracy of Silence' and NBC Tom Brokaw News story

and YouTube ... and YouTube, CIA EducateYourself 

 

Robert Wadman loses libel case against John DeCamp more below

...instances of child sexual and physical abuse linked to the Franklin Community Credit Union (Omaha, Nebraska) scandal....  boys and girls, some from foster homes were transported around the country by airplane to provide sexual favors.... tracked to the White House.
Bush  /  Gonzales / pedophile, sex scandals ... NFU page index
HOME     go to research
Abramoff / corruption  Washington D.C. Dept of Interior, emails, corruption, casinos, Florida, drugs MORE 
The Franklin Scandal, Below  Omaha, Lawrence King, BoysTown, sexual abuse, White House  1989 this page  
Texas, Rove, youth prisons  Rove, Gonzales, Sutton, implicated in failure to prosecute sodomy MORE 
Gary Webb, Iran-Contra  in Franklin Scandal, child prostitutes as drug couriers, funding Iran-Contra MORE
Secret prisons, sexual torture  Extraordinary Rendition, Bush, sexual torture, prisoner abuse,  MORE
8 U.S. Attorneys fired  Carole Lam fired, Abramoff, Cunningham, Foggo, Wilkes, Hookergate MORE
DiBiagio, Palfrey, Luna  Gov. Ehrlich,  DiBiagio fired, Luna murdered, Palfrey investigation, Hookergate MORE
Caging lists, USAttorneys fired   link: Rove assistant: Timothy Griffin, 2004 voter suppression, Goodling MORE
CIA, Iran-Contra, Franklin  $38 million missing, Franklin Credit Union, CIA, Iran-Contra, Clinton, Bush MORE
Mark Foley  Senate Page program, email sex scandal / hypocrisy MORE
Ronald Roskens, USAID,  Chancellor, U of Nebraska, fired, homosexual orgies, MORE
Ted Haggard  Gay male prostitute, cover-up, White House conference calls MORE
Jeff Gannon  White House visits, gay porn sites, Gosch, Guckert MORE
Blunt, Boehner, Hastert  Foley cover-up, Abramoff, Dept of the Interior, FBI Investigation MORE
Brian Doyle, DHS,  Arrested, use of a computer to seduce a child, Dept Homeland Sec. MORE
Tony Blair  Pedophile investigations, D-Notices, cover-up MORE
Barney Frank    Franklin Scandal cover-up, Steve Gobie, Boston, Cardinal Law, Creighton U. MORE
Sen. Larry Craig  Long list of anti-gay, anti same-sex marriage votes, homophobia MORE
Michael Aquino  Presidio, sexual abuse investigation, day care centers, Reagan ties. MORE
Pope Benedict, Ratzinger  Catholic priest sexual abuse cover-up MORE
 

Alphabetic Subject Index, Franklingate

 
KoreaGate  Sun Myung Moon, Congress, bribery MORE
Sarkozy statement:  "I'm inclined personally to think that you are born paedophile .." MORE
Fascism and pedophilia  ... disturbing similarities ..German Christian Church and the Nazi Party .. MORE
Covenant House  Father Bruce Ritter, pedophilia, Iran Contra, Bush family connections MORE
John Mark Karr  Thailand, child sex rings, Bush connections MORE
John Lehman  "Coos Bay" pedophilia cover-up 1982, 9/11 Commission, Franklin cover-up MORE
Deborah Jeane Palfrey   D.C. Madam... threat to identify high-profile clients, Ullman, Cheney MORE
Venezuela  War on drugs? elections funding, pedophile networks MORE
Gen. William Boykin  Guantanamo, Abu Ghraib, sexual torture of prisoners, Stephen Cambone MORE
Sagiv, Israeli diplomat  Israeli, Yosef Sagiv, Consulate in Atlanta, charged, exploitation of children MORE
Victor Ashe  Bush's bi-sexual? Yale roommate, Ambassador to Poland MORE
Ed McAteer  Knowledge of Bush / Ashe Las Vegas sexual encounter MORE 
Southern Baptist Convention  Failure to deal with clergy sexual abuse info  
Mormons  Unreported sexual abuse, lawsuits abound MORE
  GOP Pedophile list  
Washington Times, Casseday Huffington Post , Soliciting  internet sex with what he believed was 13 yr old. 2006  
GOP Dirty Tricks  GOP Dirty Tricks, 50 years, hundreds of entries MORE
 

Franklin Scandal, Omaha to the White House    top   

PROGRESSIVE  REFERENCE 1%*
  • 4aCloserLook
  • 911CommissionReport  Hunter Thompson, Rusty Nelson, "Nelson was allegedly employed by a former Republican Party activist to take pictures of current or retired U.S. House-Senate members and other prominent government officials engaging in sexual criminality by receiving or committing sodomy and other sex acts on children during the Reagan-Bush 41 administrations."
  • more on DeCamp's book: Franklin Cover-up Scandal below
  • Akira the Don, Jan Muldoon, said Robert Waldman unjustly fired her husband from the Omaha Police dept. .. "I believe, and always will, that it had something to do with Wadman's involvement in the Franklin cover up ordeal and my husband's knowledge of it (as did many other officers"...
  • American Chronicle Victoria Hardy Is Ritual Child Abuse Just a Hoax?
  • America's Most Wanted, missing persons, Johnny Gosch ... "In the two years Roy Stephens investigated Bonacci, he went from skeptic to supporter, and some of Bonacci's story and the evidence Roy Stephens uncovered is compelling: "Emilio" is the ringleader of the organization who orders the abductions and sells the children to pedophiles."
  • American Buddha Online Library, get "The Franklin Cover-up .. Child Abuse, Satanism and Murder in Nebraska" 
  • Anairhoads Franklin Scandal "The "Washington Post", "New York Times", "Village Voice" and "National Law Journal" covered the full range of accusations after the story broke in November of 1988. King's money machinations were also linked to the Iran-Contra affair, and some say that King provided the CIA with information garnered from his alleged activities as a "pimp" for the high and mighty."
  • Brighter Planet's 350 Challenge
  • Antiwar: Bob Kerry, Vietnam, war criminal, drop out of politics, Thanh Phong, Gregory L. Vistica's piece on Kerry, 1969 massacre, Kerry's Raiders, old man, take out, village.
  • ArmchairSubversive Republican Pedophilia, LONG LIST copy  Foley, Casseday, Beres, Floyd, Pazuhanich, Stumbo, Randall, Tebano, Collins, Seidensticker, Giordano, Adams, Gozek, Swartz, Aldarondo, Curtain, Heldreth, Rader, Morency, Shortridge, Thurmond, Morrency, Hintz, Dibble, Cramer, King, Spence, Lukens, Delgaudio, Grethen, Ankeney, Crane, Russel, Kline, Bauman, Patti, Glickman, Brooks, Hathaway, White, Matthews,  Kimmerling, Ingram, Coan, Buhr, Westmoreland, Burt, Childs, Butler, Gardner, Barter, Smeltzer Jr., Bena, Schwarz, Vanderwall, Harris, Grunseth, Aiken, Elizondo, Dasan Sr., Rumsfeld
  • arrested 1971, legal financial, grand larceny, 
  • BlatantTruth Former Nebraska state senator John W. DeCamp investigated the White House “call boy scandal” with the intention of disproving it.... and ....Margie Schoedinger: innocent victim of George W. Bush.
  • BlueLineRadio, Robert Wadman, ... Robert Wadman was Wilmington's Police Chief back in the early 90's. He was fired in July of 1994 with no public explanation by City Manager Mary Gornto ... Alisha Owen, testified in court that when she was 14 Wadman raped her and fathered a child with her. Owen was later convicted of perjury and was sentenced to 9 - 27 years. ... My lawsuit intersected a fierce political battle between Chief Wadman, upon whom WECT had relied for its information, and his own police department, particularly with an officer named Sgt. Robert Clatty. Sgt. Clatty is the Wilmington Police Department’s expert on Satanic ritual abuse of children  Wadman  credentials
  • On July 11, 1990, Gary Caradori was killed along with his 6-year old son in the crash of his small plane, after a mid-air explosion, the cause of which was never discovered. He had told friends repeatedly in the weeks before his death that he was afraid his plane would be sabotaged. GeorgeWalkerBush, death list
  • Bowman, Steve, book: Bush linked to child prostitute drug couriers were also victims of Omaha child abusers, all connected to funding of Iran Contra, Oliver North
  • Chambers, Ernie, According to the December 15, 1989 New York Times, Chambers came forward with reports of "boys and girls, some of them from foster homes, who had been transported around the country by airplane to provide sexual favors." Wikipedia
  • Coldice video "I came down with Larry King ... but it was set up by Craig Spence".... White House midnight tours.
  • CommonGroundCommonSense "New Leads in Johnny Gosch Case, Gannon Guckert.
  • 1% Babylon Tapscott, Mark  Claims to fame: Director of The Heritage Foundation’s Center for Media and Public Policy; ex-communications director for Sen. Orrin Hatch (R-Mormon, UT); assistant director of U.S. Office of Personnel Management under Ronald Reagan; Washington Examiner editorial page editor; former assistant managing editor of Rev. Sun Myung Moon’s Washington Times; hard-hard-hardcore Republican; alleged john  Moral apex: Implicated in the Franklin Credit Union Child-Sex Ring Scandal.  
  • Cooperative Research, Bush movements, 9/11, Offutt Air Force Base, Franklin Scandal, 
  • DeCamp, John Namebase "William Colby was secretly hired by the legislature's committee to look into the investigator's (Caradori)  death. Colby warned DeCamp to stay away, or he could end up dead as well, because "sometimes there are forces and events too big, too powerful." Nevertheless, DeCamp wrote this book, which documents untold corruption in the American heartland. ISBN 0-9632158-0-9" and Nambase  and copy
  • CounterPunch, Craig J. Spence, late night White House tours with male prostitutes, found dead in Boston hotel room.  Paul Robert Balach, political personnel liaisson for Labor Secretary Elizabeth Dole, aid to Rep. Robert Bauman, resigned.  Charles K. Dutcher, Reagan, paid for homosexual prostitute services with his own credit card. 
  • DemocraticUnderground forum
  • FireFlyFans, "Alisha’s parents are raising Alisha’s daughter, Amanda Jayne, who according to Alisha was sired by Omaha Chief of Police, Robert Wadman"
  • FrancesFarmerRevenge
  • Franklinfiles, call boys and the White House
  • Franklinfiles Pedophocracy
  • Flocco "According to U.S. intelligence sources, President Bush obstructed justice last December when he had senior advisor Karl Rove and White House Counsel Harriet Miers instruct Attorney General Alberto Gonzales to fire eight U.S. attorneys who were among several others conducting ongoing public corruption and secret national security grand jury investigations connected to an espionage–linked prostitution / pedophile sex ring operating at the Washington Ritz-Carlton and other DC hotels,  
  • Griggs, Kay "Kay, a self-declared Christian, became privy to the real workings of the United States military, leadership training, drug-running and weapons sales, and the secret worldwide camps that train professional assassins."
  • Kay Griggs, MySpace
  • TedGunderson.com Gunderson report at 7th Fire
  • GodLikeProductions Gosch
  • Guardian "Row over Sarkozy's paedophilia comment refuses to go away  ...  Mr Sarkozy defended his view, outlined in a philosophy magazine, that individuals might be genetically predisposed to molest children. "What part is innate and what part is acquired? At least let's debate it, let's not close the door to all debate," he said.  He added: "I'm inclined personally to think that you are born paedophile and it's a problem that we don't know how to treat this pathology." MORE
  • Huffington Post, blog, Republican pedophile list, search Lawrence E. King  ... Republican director of the "Young Republican Federation" Nicholas Elizondo molested his 6-year old daughter and was sentenced to six years in prison.", No connection to WIOD, Miami Beach, Florida.
  • Indymedia, Los Angeles "During 16 years in office, former state Senator John DeCamp was cited, even by his enemies at the World Herald, as one of the most effective legislators in Nebraska history. A highly decorated Vietnam War veteran, in 1975 he initiated Operation Baby Lift, which evacuated 2,800 orphaned Vietnamese children. 
  • Notes: Jewish-American from Brooklyn, 44, nine, mother on relief, 
  • Indymedia, Oklahoma, Thomas Aquino, 
  • Indymedia "Major new bipartisan scandal linking Dennis Hastert and Rahm Immanuel to Jack Abramoff, ABC Mickey Mouse and the Odigo Israeli Cellphone contract which allows the Israeli Mossad to spy on the entire U.S. Congress including collecting sexual blackmail on the in-the-closet, extortion-friendly members.."
  • Information Liberation, Putin pedophile, ,  terms: Andropov Institute, KGB, FSB director, destroyed compromising materials, underage sex with boys, Yuri Skuratov secretly video-taped, Variant Drakona
  • Infowars "nor did Judge Urbom explain why investigations have never commenced regarding which members of congress had sex with children."
  • Insider Magazine, Wayne Madsen article, Expose the Christian Mafia
  • Phil Jayhan Carole Lam ... "Judiciary Committee Senator Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) confirmed Lam’s Foggo and Abramoff probe on ABC News Sunday, while she also implicated Congressman Jerry Lewis (R-41-CA); but Feinstein also told ABC that Lam “sent a notice to the Justice Department saying that there would be two search warrants” in a criminal investigation of defense contractor Brent Wilkes and Kyle “Dusty” Foggo ... "
  • JohnnyGosch "Russell Nelson, central figure in the Franklin Credit Union scandal (1989 to present), has evidence, including photographs, that implicates prominent law enforcement and political figures, including two past U.S. presidents, in crimes of child abuse, pornography, kidnapping (e.g., missing-child Johnny Gosch), drug smuggling, money laundering, illegal campaign financing, and illegal activities by the FBI and CIA. There appear to be ties to Iran-Contra."
  • Konformist, West Point Child Development Center, child abuse, Presidio, Aquino, 
  • TheLawParty  Spence, New York Times, White House midnight tours, Lawrence King
  • LetsRoll911
  • Radio Hall of Fame, 
  • LetsRollForums Bonacci vs King legal doc, of settlement
  • above: Carole Lam, one of eight U.S. Attornies fired, getting too close to ...?
  • NewsMakingNews, Ritz-Carlton, Spence
  • NewNationalTheater "NOW: Washington Times, August 25 2004, p. A5, Military's sodomy ruling backs airman's conviction, by Cheryl Wetstein. Air Force Sgt. Eric P. Marcum convicted in 2000 for dereliction of duty and sexual misconduct, including sodomy, with men under his supervision at Offutt Air Force Base in Omaha, Nebraska"  
  • Alexander, Julie, Sharon Lepore, 
  • NoGW, Bush pedophilia, Blair
  • Notes, search terms: copy of article and print screen  Lobbyist Linked to Sex Case Is Found Dead ...  AP Published: November 12, 1989 LEAD: Craig Spence, a lobbyist linked to a homosexual escort service under Federal investigation, was found dead in a hotel room here, the police said today. Craig Spence, a lobbyist linked to a homosexual escort service under Federal investigation, was found dead in a hotel room here, the police said today.  Mr. Spence, 49 years old, was found in the Ritz-Carlton Hotel on Friday after firefighters used a saw to cut open his door,  ... The Washington Times reported in August that Mr. Spence disclosed he had AIDS and had threatened to commit suicide. Mr. Spence was identified by the paper as a customer of a homosexual escort service being investigated by the Secret Service, the District of Columbia police and the United States Attorney's office for suspected credit card fraud.  ... He has also been linked to a White House guard who has said he accepted an expensive watch from Mr. Spence and allowed him and friends to take late-night White House tours. Mr. Spence was a former correspondent for ABC News. see Stirring White House Honey Pot
  • NewsWithViews Sept 2007, Lynn Stuter .. "Freedom without virtue is not freedom but license topursue whatever passions prevail in the intemperate mind ...  we have staked the future of all our political institutions upon the capacity of each and all of us to govern ourselves ... Larry Craig ... to feign ignorance after pleading guilty doesn't ring true ... and there was the call boy incidents linked to the Reagan White House and the GW Bush White House, and the DC Madam, Vitter, Clinton, Foley,  and Omaha, Nebraska, Lawrence "Larry" King, Jr, a rising star in the Republican national conventions, connections to the GHW Bush White House,  ... a partner in a call boy scandal, Minor boys and girls, ..raped, molested, sodomized, ... presidential limousine, perpetrators never brought to justice, 
  • New Yorker, review of Apprentice,  Collins, 
  • okimc, Aquino, search terms: Anton LaVey, Softies on Satan, Handbook for Chaplains, Temple of Set military approved, Lucifer, Lt. Col. John Alexander, mindwar, pedophile, ritualistic sexual abuse, 
  • PrisonPlanet, Nixon tapes, Bohemian Grove,

  • RawStory, Guckert / Gannon access to the White House
  • Rense quotes WayneMadsenReport ... Jeb Bush, Florida, Foley, Franklin...
  • RightWeb, Citizens for America, "Citizens for America (CFA) was founded in 1983 at a White House meeting between Lewis Lehrman and Jack Hume to promote the Reagan agenda. (4,16) Tracee Howell of CFA said that CFA's purpose was to sell to the public the president's [Reagan] "pet projects" such as the Strategic Defense Initiative and the contra war in Nicaragua."
  • Sanderhicks "is a story a little too real for the gutless big media not accustomed to standing up to Federal intimidation. It involves satanic cults, black ops, and sexual abuse of children in order to shock them into mental trauma and a slavish-state of submission. 
  • SIANews "We already know about Charles K. Dutcher, former associate director of presidential personnel, Reagan administration; and of Paul R. Balach, then-Labor Secretary Elizabeth Dole's political personnel liaison to the White House. They confessed. We know also about former Republican Congressman Robert Bauman (Maryland, 2 terms), who sought not to run for reelection after being caught bending the rheostat in bathhouses with The Boys; not so coincidentally, Mr. Charles Dutcher had been an aide to Congressman Bauman" file
  • StealthLesbian "Nebraska Dept. of Social Services, Mrs. Walter’s report (3-25-86) revealed: "[14 year-old] Nelly said at these trip parties hosted by Larry King, she sat naked ‘looking pretty and innocent’ and guests could engage in any sexual activity they wanted, but penetration was not allowed...Nelly said she first met V. P. George Bush at the Republican Convention where King sang the national anthem ... "
  • StealthLesbian Franklingate
  • Superficiel "he linked pedophilia and genes. A pedophile would thus be determined at his birth. This theory is directly in connection with 19th century discourses of "born-criminals" that would lead to eugenists theories, later justifying concepts such as the "purity of race", notably in national-socialism" MORE
  • TaylorMarsh
  • Tarpley, Unauthorized Autobiography of George Bush. search Julie Walters, Boys Town, homosexual, porn...etc. and internetpirate
  • Tarpley, Chapter 21, Bush "Apparently she [Lisa] was contacted on December 19 [1988] and voluntarily came to the FBI offices on December 30, 1988. She was interviewed by Brady, Tucker and Phillips Tarpley video
  • The7thfire, Zionism, Zionists support of torture, Abu Ghraib "The most vitriolic systematic denigration of Arabs and Muslims in the Middle East is found in the writings an speeches of influential US-based Zionist ideologues, like the Pipes (father and son), the Kristols (senior and junior), the Kagans, Cohens, Goldhagens, ..."
  • TPMuckraker Carole Lam ... "The epic Duke Cunningham scandal gets weirder: Carole Lam, the San Diego U.S. Attorney who prosecuted the corrupt former lawmaker, is being quietly pushed out by the Bush administration. Lam's office has recently been troubling the CIA and Capitol Hill by pushing for documents related to the Cunningham investigation."
  • Voxfux Franklin Scandal archives, Bush, children, sex ring,
  • WayneMadsenReport in Online Journal website "The recent scandal involving gay male escort and right-wing faux journalist Jeff Gannon (a.k.a. James Dale Guckert and possibly a few other aliases) is not welcome news for the purported sadomasochistic hedonists in the White House administrations of both George W. and George H. W. Bush ... see Gannongate
  • WayneMadsenReport "....Rove has been implicated by child welfare advocates in Texas in the failure of the Justice Department to prosecute the Texas child abuse and pedophilia cases."
  • Whale, Temple of Set, Aquino, 
  • WhatReallyHappened  Abramoff, corruption galore
  • WhatReallyHappened, Clinton Body Count
  • notes: Sen. Don Nickles, International Religious Freedom Act S-1868, sanctions , ADL urged passage, cosponsored by Lieberman, foreign policy, Ambassador-at-Large for Religious Liberty, special advisor in White House, Commission on International Religious Liberty, World Vision President Robert Seiple, Institute for Global Engagement, 
  • On July 11, 1990, Gary Caradori was killed along with his 6-year old son in the crash of his small plane, after a mid-air explosion, the cause of which was never discovered. He had told friends repeatedly in the weeks before his death that he was afraid his plane would be sabotaged. GeorgeWalkerBush, death list
  • Craig Spence, Notes: a number of Reagan White House officials -- including Charles Dutcher, presidential personnel manager of the White House staff; Paul Balach, Sec. of Labor Elizabeth Dole's political liaison to the White House; Todd Blodgett, the presidential press aide who prepared the daily news briefing; Craig Spence, a high-ranking aide in the Office of the International Trade Advisor; Stanley Tapscott, an official in the director's office at the Office of Personnel Management; and Reginald deGueldre, a member of the Uniformed Division of the Special Service -- were found to have hired a number of gay male escorts (including boys as young as 13) from Professional Services, Inc. (well-known D.C. gay escort business). Private midnight tours of the White House were given to a number of the boys, after which homosexual orgies were alleged to have occurred in offices in the New Executive Office Building across the street. Spence later told associates and family members he had many more secrets to reveal. But he committed suicide in a Boston hotel room in 1990 after being indicted on weapons, drug and child rape charges." source: NakedCameI blog  and search Chevy Chase Elementary School
  • RumorMill News notes "Not likely. Instead President Bush has greeted Father Val Peter at the White House to promote his 'faith-based initiative', the idea embodied by the sex pervert, Father Ritter. Val Peter, as head of Boystown and head of its Board of Directors facilitated Larry King's access to its finances and his children. He did this with the help of Wall street billionaire, Warren Buffett, whose Berkshire Hathaway is based in Omaha.  ...   Buffett was also good friends with Larry King- hosting a party to celebrate his 10th wedding anniversary. Another good friend of Buffett recently appeared on the cover of Fortune magazine. ... 911/FRANKLIN COVERUP ...  You should read this July 2002 issue and try to grasp how the political forces promoting a pedophile agenda are the very same who launched the high tech company of L-3 Communications which built the computer communications system for GLOBAL HAWK, the remote control technology that more and more people believe was responsible for directing the 911 attack. ...  The man on the Fortune cover, Walter Scott, Jr., was, until recently, a longtime member of the Creighton University Board of Directors. Did he know Dr. Cassem or his family?"
  • King & Chung Nightly, Banfield & Ford: Courtside, 
  • Founding figures of Omaha, Erastus Benson, John A. Creighton, Gilbert Hitchcock, Frederick Krug brewing, Park, George B. Lake, Megeath, Millard, Omaha Stockyards - Paxton, Rosewater, Poppleton, Redick, Anna Wilson, brothel, Omaha: Douglas County, Missouri River, Council Bluffs, Gate City, Omaha Claim Club, Scriptown (rich) Sheelytown (poor), Jobbers Canyon warehouses, Near North Side, Ernie Chambers, the maverick of Omaha, Little Bohemia, NAACP, Urban Leagud, 
  • Bob Kerry statement, in 2007, presidential campaign ...  "It's probably not something that appeals to him, but I like the fact that his name is Barack H.  Obama, and that his father was a Muslim and that his paternal grandmother is a Muslim," said Kerry, a former governor and the current president of the New School in New York City. "There's a billion people on the planet that are Muslims, and I think that experience is a big deal." ... dirty trick
  • notes: Dorsey Dysart, M. D., Springfield, Missouri Cause of Discipline: Violation of the terms and conditions of the Settlement Agreement entered into with the Board effective January 2, 1998. The Board found cause to discipline license based upon licensee's failure to adhere to the terms of his probation agreement with the Board in that he consumed alcohol, allowed his license to lapse, failed to inform the Board of his address and telephone number, failed to submit to biological fluid testing and failure to provide status reports from his treating chemical dependency professional. Board Action: License is Revoked. Effective Date: 6-12-01
  • notes: A Federal magistrate said today that Lawrence E. King Jr., a prominent businessman who was once active nationally in the Republican Party, is mentally incompetent to stand trial on charges of conspiracy and fraud in connection with the collapse of a credit union for the poor.   ...   Dorsey Dysart, M. D., Springfield The magistrate based his decision on a report prepared by Dr. Dorsey Dysart, chief psychiatrist at the Federal Medical Center in Springfield, Mo., who has diagnosed Mr. King as suffering from ''probable delusional paranoid disorder - grandiose type.'' A patient with such a disorder believes he has great powers to do things other people cannot.  ...  Magistrate Kopf said Mr. King thought he was competent to stand trial, but quoted Dr. Dysart as saying, ''The intellectual system of grandiosity leads to disorganization of thought processes, which gravely impairs the ability of Mr. King to withstand a lengthy trial.''   ...   The magistrate said he would recommend to Federal District Judge William G. Cambridge that Mr. King be committed to a hospital for psychiatric treatment, and would ask for a report within four months on whether the defendant could face trial in the foreseeable future.  ...   Lawyers for both Mr. King and the prosecution said they did not expect to appeal the finding. Ron Lahners, the United States Attorney, said the prosecution agreed that Mr. King was not competent to stand trial and added, ''It's in the best interest of the defendant to get back into treatment.'' NYTimes

    Notes: Iraq pedophile rings, sex trafficking run by Saudi Arabian wealthy men, 'boy havens', Bush administration reluctant to act (oil), evidence compiled by Syrian Ministry of Information, Russian-Ukranian-Israeli mafia heavily engaged in child prosecution in South East Asia and Middle East, 

     

  • Summary
  • see Alex Constantine / Wadman court proceedings
  • The collapse of Franklin Community Credit Union and subsequent investigation opened up the horrors of child sexual abuse in Omaha, Nebraska, 1988.  All linked to Offutt Air Force Base, Catholic Boys Town, and many city officials and prominent businessmen of Omaha, including Harold Andersen of the World Harold and Robert Wadman, the Chief of Police at the time.  Also investigate King's financing of Reagans' Contras ... EducateYourself ... All still effectively covered up to this day.
  • WMR July 2008, Wadman, unsuccessful in stopping publication of DeCamp's 'Franklin Coverup', libel case thrown out.
  • Scribd synopsis on Franklin case, Rusty Nelson, links to White House.
  • WMR "Franklin Coverup" author wins court battle, Wadman loses libel suit against John DeCamp.
  • Oct 08, election campaign dredges up McCain / Singlaub Iran Contra connection.  Council on World Freedom.  file  McCain on the Board of Directors.  Iran Contra funding is directly linked to Franklin Scandal Omaha, Larry King  more
  • MySpace, on Steve Rogers, Boystown  file
  • AConstantineBlacklist 
  • Johnny Gosch has become the poster child for the event, and there is much speculation that Jeff Gannon is Johnny Gosch.  Gannon logged into the White House nearly two dozen times when no press briefings were scheduled.  Gannon is curiously now a member of the National Press Club. see MP3
  • Boys and girls, some from foster homes were transported around the country by airplane to provide sexual favors.... tracked to the White House.
  • go to CBS / NBC 1989 news coverage of the Omaha / Washington DC call boy / prostitution scandal,
  • Many child victims were prosecuted, ...in a successful effort to cover-up the incident that was called an elaborate hoax, ... see Wikipedia whitewash.
  • About a dozen people have mysteriously died in the cover-up.  
  • The story is still alive and recognition of its importance is growing.  The recent bailout (Sept 08) of the US financial system, led by Congressman Barney Frank may help dig up the old scandal.
  • Recently Wayne Madsen has written about evidence that the State Department was involved in the transport of those children, search terms: Craig Spence, Wyoming Ave.,  diplomatic pouch, Madam Pete, Southeast Asia, midnight tours, YouTube
  • more search terms: Hummel Park, unmarked graves, 
  • Robert Wadman, lost libel suit to John DeCamp, July 29, 2008, Wadman, accused statutory rapist, search terms: Ogden, Utah, courtroom, Wadman also suing Adam Parfrey for libel in Psychic Dictatorship in the USA book, small claims court, district or superior court, defamed, lost employment as an overseas advisor in international policing, loss of income, appeal, Wadman, swear under oath, he does not know Larry King, see Frank Brown interviews TV-7, Omaha suitcase seized in drug investigation, King acknowledges friendship with Wadman , is Wadman the father or Alisha Owen's child, Omaha party, Alfie Allen, and see anti-SLAPP laws, against filing harassment suits to silence journalists, see Alex Constintine 
  • Want to Know, MKULTRA Carol Rutz    and RiceFile Kosovo, Clinton, Mena, Koresh, North, Franklin
  • Reginal DeGueldre? 
  • APFN, Flocco, discussion
  • UPI, 1989 Embassy Row, Franklin lease file  more
  • Alex Constantine Duncan Blake Suicides
  • "I have told people that the bodies of those children are buried in legit graves in Forestlawn Cememtary off of 48th street in North Omaha."  more
  •  
  • AllExperts Johnny Gosch
  • AllExperts Lawrence King
  • AllExperts Franklin Cover-up Scandal
  • AllExperts Ernie Chambers
  • Answers: Franklin Scandal
  • Answers: Michael Aquino
  • NYT Robbins, New York Times  500k file
  • (170.20.11.118) (Cbs Inc) NewsFollowUp.com visitor
  • Notes, Prison system, Texas, Rove: Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, Texas Youth Commission West Texas State School, youth detention facility, Albert Moskowitz, chief, Criminal Secton, Civil Rights Division, letter to TYC about declining to prosecute Ray Brookins and John Hernandez, sexual molestation of ten underage males incarcerated at WTSS, 
  • A chilling exposé of corporate corruption and government cover-ups, this account of a nationwide child-trafficking and pedophilia ring in the United States tells a sordid tale of corruption in high places. The scandal originally surfaced during an investigation into Omaha, Nebraska's failed Franklin Federal Credit Union and took the author beyond the Midwest and ultimately to Washington, DC. Implicating businessmen, senators, major media corporations, the CIA, and even the venerable Boys Town organization, this extensively researched report includes firsthand interviews with key witnesses and explores a controversy that has received scant media attention.
  • Alt F4 ... October 1991, Noreen Gosch met Paul Bonacci, she said he described to her things about Johnny that she had never released to the press ...stutter, yoga, Mexican restaurant, red nail polish, Bueno Vista, Colorado, Jimmy.
  • APFN American Patriot Friends Network
  • APFN King vs Bonacci civil case, U.S. District Court Judge Warren Urbom, senators and congressmen who stayed for the pedophile sex, Bonacci specifically named Congressmen Barney Frank, Bonacci awarded  $1 million for child abuse, 1999, Offutt Air Force Base, Franklin arrested two days before Bush Sr. elected 1988, 
  • marge1.luke.af.mil (56 Communications Squadron /scbb NewsFollowUp.com visitor
  • Research: Joshua Dickens, Duke Cunningham, David Dreier, Howard L. Brooks, Elizondo, Judge Ronald C. Kline, Larry D. Floyd, Larry Jack Schwarz, Ronald David Ankenney, Gov. John Rowland, Philip Giordano, Harvey Pitt, Oliver North, Richard Gardner, Nicholas Morency, John J. Collins,  Russel Harding, John Fund, Keola Childs,  Brian Blundell, Hastert, Blunt, Foley, Haggard, Dan Crane, Earl Kimmerling, Merrill Robert Barter, Mark Grethen, Richard Delguadio, W. David Hager, Mathew Glavin, John Paulk, Howard Scott Heldreth, Jon Grunseth, Richard A Dasen Sr.  utahimc
  • National Aeronautics And Space Administration)Alabama, Huntsville nfu visitor
  • BeyondWeird new Bush, FBI, Webb
  • Buffet, Warren file source: Geocities
  • BushBlowJob.com American Foundation for Courtesy and Grooming, 
  • CannonFire, Gannon / Sun Myung Moon connection and Rick Ross Unification Church
  • & ephebophilia
  • This work is aimed at staring at the 'devil' square in the face.  Maybe martyrdom.
  • subject map
  • Chemtrail, blog threads
  • Child auctions, drugs, cocaine, Hal Daub - mayor of Omaha during scandal, sexual abuse allegations in the early 70's, victim: Trent Stewart, Mitch McConnell, Fort Bragg, Cumberland County, collection attorney, Standard Chemical of Omaha
  • Church of Satan search fascism, pedophilia, 
  • Citizens for America, namebase
  • Conspiracy Archive
  • Corrente blog Franklin Scandal, Gannongate, Foley, Haggard.
  • Craigs List search John Lehman, The CLUB of REPUBLICANISM is PAEDOPHILIA, 
  • Ctrl search Wadman
  • Dallas Morning News
  • Daub, Hal, mayor of Omaha during Franklin Scandal Cover-up.
  • Demoines Register, copy of article
  • Educate Yourself   Rusty Nelson, Kelly Ford Report
  • Encyclopedia.com / conspiracy theories, Franklin, DeCamp, Nebraska Leadership Conference.
  • Etanali "Quando decisi di pubblicare queste notizie, ho pensato che una breve introduzione, che invitasse a leggerle con spirito critico, nonché col solito beneficio d'inventario, fosse d'obbligo. Ma poi leggendo e rileggendo tutte quelle nefandezze,
  • Evins Regional Juvenile Center, South Texas, Gov. Rick Perry,
  • Fathers.ca political elite sex rings
  • ForwardAmerica, Bush connections to Franklingate, Steve Bowman  Inside Washington, Eunice (Lisa) Washington, Bush, H.W. links
  • FindArticles, Robert Wadman
  • Findlaw, Hon. Theodore Carlson, State of Nebraska, Court of Appeals, Lincoln, Appointed 1983 by Kerry, Creighton University Law School, State Bar, Bank of America, Miller Moldenhauer, Vandenack, Morrow, Tesar, Reef, Rogers, Assistant City Prosecutor, Attorney, Governor Exon, implicated by children in sexual abuse. 
  • Flocco, Tom search Bob Dole, Elizabeth Dole, Delmart 'Mike' Vreeland, Franklin County, Colorado, Paul R. Balach, and text copy
  • Frances Farmers Revenge 
  • Franklin Case.org
  • Gaiaguys, Franklin Cover-up, John Decamp, Omaha, Nebraska
  • GayOmaha gay lesbian directory, gay-friendly places, bars, clubs, hotels, suanas, Club Joy, Connections, DC's Saloon, Gilligan's Pub, Omaha Mining Co. , The Max.
  • GQ, Gentlemen's Quarterly, celebrities born in Omaha: Jaime King, Jorge Garcia, Bryan Greenberg, Yolonda Ross, Gabrielle Union, Alexander Payne, Paula Zahn, David Forbes, Swoosie Kurtz, Nick Nolte, Paul Williams, Terry Kiser, Joan Micklin Silver,, Inga Swenson, David Doyle, Marlon Brando, Montgomery Clift, Lee Gold, Jocelyn Brando, Dorothy McGuire, 
  • GeorgeWalkerBush death list: Sid Adger, General James Rose, Lt Colonel William Harris Jr., Lt. Colonel Jerry Killian, James Downing Aalund, J. Clifford Baxter, Charles Dana Rice, James Daniel Watkins, Commerce Secretary Ron Brown, Jake Horton, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Hale Boggs, George de Mohrenschildt, Mrs. E. Howard Hunt,  Gary Caradori, Orlando Letelier, Ronni Moffit, Jack Delaney and Ted White, Steve Kangas, Danny Casolaro, Mark Lombardi, James Hatfield, William S. Farish, James Forrestal, Karla Faye Tucker, David Wayne Spence, Gary Graham, 
  • Notes: Joan Rivers Show, the ugliest, roses, ventriloquist, dummy was prettier, King, difficult personality, The Palm on 50th, belligerent behavior, peppermill.
  • Girls and Boys Town about
  • GnosticLiberationFront Franklin Scandal
  • Informant News Gary Webb, Iran-Contra,  Spence and King, drug trafficking, kids transporting drugs,

  • Inside Edition, TV show, search Gosch.
  • Interpol
  • Italy, Indymedia Southfork
  • JehovahWitnessRevealed Jehovah Witness Revealed, BBC WatchTower pedophile cover-up.
  • Jesus is Savior, Washington D.C. Child Sex Ring Cover-up, Implicating the Bush White House, Omaha, Nebraska
  • JohnnyGosch.com Noreen Gosch tried to enlist editor James Gannon of the Des Moines Register ... 
  • Kay Griggs
  • Kay Griggs, MySpace
  • Kennedy assassination, Richard Gerstein, Dade County, statute of limitations, no contest, 
  • KWWL "23 years later investigators are investigating new developments in Johnny’s case  ... Investigator - James Rothstein, press corp, White House, Gosch visited his mother in 1997, ... Is Jeff Gannon really Johnny Gosch?
  • Larry King, not the same person as the  Larry King 
  • Leadership Council On Child Abuse & Interpersonal Violence
  • Leadership Council The Leadership Council's Examination of the Rind Meta-analysis The Leadership Council completed its review of a controversial study that purported to show that children are rarely harmed by sex abuse by adults.  Our analysis found that the study by Rind et al. was seriously flawed. In fact, we found the paper was a stacked deck of poor population and study selection, misreported data and misrepresented findings that led to faulty conclusions. Some of these problems are outlined below.  
  • lost interest in school, college, UPS delivery, dream of a job in radio,
  • Los Angeles Times, Texas Youth Commission, sodomy, search terms: entire governing board resigns, sexual abuse claims covered up, state detention centers, convicted sex offender working as guard, top officials molested youths, allowed to resign quietly, prosecutors did not charge anyone, officials tampered with results, concealed evidence of violence and sex abuse, system notorious for riots, staff turnover rate of 50% a year, widespread sexual abuse, 6000 allegations, sodomy, oral sex, Gov. Rick Perry initially opposed board members resignation, said no evidence, Senate demanded resignations, legislature part of problem, Sgt Brian Burzynski exposed wrongdoing, whistleblower, but no one charged with sexual abuse. Dwight Harris resigned, Ed Owens acting executive director, Kimbrough, whitewash, 
  • LoneStarProject decline to prosecute documents, 
  • Louis Wolfson, selling unregistered stock, 1968, John Mitchell, US Attorney General, overturn conviction, Jim Garrison, intermediary, investigating
  • LukeFord Nelson, Gunderson, Franklin conspiracy
  • Eugene T. Mahoney State Park, Lawrence King, vice squad, sexual abuse accusations? Omaha, 1989.
  • Merklinger interview with Rusty Nelson   YouTube, Oregon, hidden pictures, parents home, 
  • Milkhouse blog
  • Millis, John "Knowledge of the Iran-Contra Affair may also be the true cause of the essentially unpublicized June 3, 2000 alleged "suicide" of John Millis, Staff Director of House Intelligence Committee. In 1996, Millis had investigated and uncovered the Clinton administrations’ role in helping Iran transfer arms to Bosnian Muslims. The suspicious nature of the recent death of Millis and the lack of media coverage is described in more detail below. Gunderson
  • Mindprod, political assassinations, asbestos connection
  • Mindprod "About Bush senior pedophillic rapes" 
  • Mindprod search terms: 
  • ModernHistoryProject "Franklin Scandal"
  • Mutual Radio Network
  • MySpace,  file Franklingate - How Close I Was...on Steve Rogers, Boys Town,  Caradori agency called SilverHawk,  private investigations, Peter Citron, like a Siskel & Ebert, gay pedophile, Rogers was part Asian, expensive sports cars, suicide, shotgun to the head, ... The French Cafe, Old Market Shopping District, Peony Park, Aksarben, Mistake on a Lake, 
  • Nashua Advocate, Gannon
  • Nebraska Forestry Service, Eugene Mahoney, former Omaha vice squad officer, head of NFS, 
  • Nebraska Leadership Conference
  • Nebraska Health and Human Services
  • North American Freedom Foundation "Advocating for U.S. and Canadian victims and survivors of mind control, torture, slavery, and related terror through education and remembrance."
  • Omaha Race Riot of 1919, Sporting District, Ada Everleigh, brothel, 
  • OutInDC safe sex guide in Washington D. C. mutual masturbation safest, then condoms, casual sex related to depression, 
  • Palm Beach Post, Foley emails to Jeb Bush, search terms: 
  • & ephebophilia
  • .
  • subject map
  •  
  • Pedophigate, Pedophilligate, Pedogate, Bushgate, PedoBushgate, 
  • Phoenix Source Distributors Franklin, headline pics
  • Planetsean blog ...surname with the infamous White House prostitute  ...
  • Podcast Directory, Hunter Thompson, Johnny Gosch, Jeff Gannon.
  • PoliceCrime interviews with child prostitute Lisa, Bush, White House
  • PoliceCrime forum:  saw George Bush at one of King's parties." /
  • PoliticalFriendster, Behavioral Science Consultation Teams, BSCT, Biscuits
  • The Portals Memoirs, Judy Chase Amber Alert
  • PrisonPotpourri search: Robert Wadman
  • RigorousInstitution "Nelly first brought up (GHW) Bush in 1986, when she told Julie Walters about the sex parties she was flown to in Washington and Chicago. She saw Bush at two of these parties, she said, one in each city." search Craig Spence
  • RigorousInstitution  and Stirring White House Honey Pot
  • disc jockey, name to ethnic, newscasts and sportscast, King's Wholesale Liquor, 
  • RumormillNews, Michael Aquino, Presidio, court record:  more
  • Sanderhicks
  • San Jose Mercury News, article:  Reagan, Aquino, Presidio and copy
  • Sex and My City Wilmington North Carolina
  • SIANews "White House ''call-boy'' scandal Revisited: Wither Paul Rodriguez, Ace Reporter? ..."
  • Signs on San Diego, Foggo, Wilkes
  • Spence, Craig namebase
  • Stanford Prison Experiment Impious
  • Texas Coalition Advocating Justice for Juveniles
  • Texas Observer
  • Texas Rangers, 
  • TheLawParty, Franklin Scandal, Bush, Reagan
  • TN420, state by state GOP corruption scorecard
  • Tripp, Patrick, Washington county prosecutor who claimed Nelly Webb and her sister Kimberly were lying about the abuse Franklinfiles and Gary Randall, attorney for Jarrett and Barbara Webb, the alleged abusive foster / adoptive parents of Nelly and Kimberly.
  • TYL, Scaife, enemies
  • YouTube, Conspiracy of Silence, John DeCamp exposes:  Lawrence E. King, Larry King. Omaha Nebraska, Baer
  • Lawrence E.  King Jr., Conspiracy of Silence, Omaha Nebraska, pedophilia, sex parties, Boystown, leads to highest levels in Washington D.C. FranklinCase.org chronology, YouTube video, more search terms: Republican, Franklin Credit Union, Thomas Harvey accountant, Paul Bonacci, Harold W. Andersen, Peter Citron, Peony Park, satanic ritual abuse, Robert Wadmand Chief of Police Omaha, Alisha Owen indicted for perjury, John DeCamp investigator exposes cover-up and book 'The Franklin Cover-Up, FBI part of cover-up, Nebraska Leadership Conference, Bush Sr. Whitehouse tours,
  • Watchblog Gary Studds, Mel Reynolds, Barney Frank, Democrat pedophilia.
  • Websleuths, Amanda Jayne, Wadman 
  • Wikipedia Michael Aquino
  • Wikipedia Brian Doyle, Bush, Deputy Press Secretary, Washington news desk -Time Magazine, use of computer to seduce a child, 23 charges, undercover detective, AOL chat room, sexually explicit conversation, sending hardcore porn clips, Polk County sheriff Grady Judd, sentenced to five years, Department of Homeland Security Public Affairs Office, registered Democrat, FBI, DOJ, online predators
  • Wikipedia Lawrence E. King "The article, by Washington Times journalists Paul M. Rodriguez and George Archibald, alleged that key officials of the Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations were connected to an elaborate Washington, D.C male prostitution ring, and reported that two of these prostitutes even entered the White House late at night. The allegations included, among other things, "abduction and use of minors for sexual perversion."  allexperts
  • Wikipedia Ernie Chambers "Ernie Chambers is a long-time member of the North Omaha community, a historic civil rights leader in Omaha's African American community, and widely-regarded as Nebraska's most prominent and outspoken African American leader."
  • Wikipedia, sodomy, sexual acts except for coital sex between males females not closely related by blood, masturbation, paraphilia, human-animal, bestiality, zoophilia, search terms: sodom, buggery, deviant sexual inter course, biblical, sin, Lut, Lot, 
  • Wikipedia Koreagate
  • Yahoo, DEA, 'new cartel', U. S. Drug Enforcement Administration, "that aids drug traffickers', spokesman Brian Penn, US Embassy, narcotraffickers, 
  • Zoominfo Dick Roth, Omaha, Secret Service, Public Safety
  • Zoominfo, Samuel Van Pelt
  • and MORE
  • enlarge above  Spence, Craig namebase
  • Zoominfo Craig Spence,  allexperts
  • notes: Lawrence E.  King Jr., Conspiracy of Silence, Omaha Nebraska, pedophilia, sex parties, Boystown, leads to highest levels in Washington D.C. FranklinCase.org chronology, YouTube video, more search terms: Republican, Franklin Credit Union, Thomas Harvey accountant, Paul Bonacci, Harold W. Andersen, Peter Citron, Peony Park, satanic ritual abuse, Robert Wadmand Chief of Police Omaha, Alisha Owen indicted for perjury, John DeCamp investigator exposes cover-up and book 'The Franklin Cover-Up, FBI part of cover-up, Nebraska Leadership Conference, Bush Sr. Whitehouse tours, 
  •   see more GOP sex scandal
  • Zoominfo Harold W. Anderson "Questionable associations and relationships abound in the conglomerate that owns Election Systems & Software. One person with shares in the World Companies Inc. is Harold W. Andersen, who is on the board of directors for The Williams Companies — yes, that Williams Energy, recently exposed by CBS for creating a sham energy crisis in California. CBS cites tapes, now sealed by the government, that prove Williams Energy turned off the juice, faking an energy shortage" other search terms: "Election Systems & Software" "McCarthy Group" "Michael R. McCarthy" "Charles T. Hagel" "World Marketing Inc." "World Investments Inc."
  • Akins, Alene, Mickey Sutphin, 
  • falcon2.region4.ang.af.mil (Air National Guard), Virginia, Arlington .. NFU visitor.
  • Notes: SeekGod Donald Gregg "The Council for National Policy: Selected Member Biographies Senator Don Nickles David A. Noebel Grover Norquist Dr. Gary North Lt. Col. Oliver North George D. O'Neill, Jr. J. Stanley Oakes Jr. Phillip Olsen William J. Olson Ted Pantaleo J.A. "Jay" Parker Thomas G. Parker Colleen G. Parro G.N. Parrot Carmen Pate Dr. Paige Patterson Maj. General George S. Patton III ....  CIA assassinations manager Felix I.] Rodriguez followed his CIA boss Ted Shackley to Southeast Asia in 1970. Shackley and Donald Gregg put Rodriguez into the huge assassination and dope business which Shackley and his colleagues ran during the Indochina war; this bunch became the heart of the "Enterprise'' that went into action 15 to 20 years later in Iran- Contra. Shackley funded opium-growing Meo tribesmen in murder, and used the dope proceeds in turn to fund his hit squads. He formed the Military Assistance Group-Special Operations Group (MAG-SOG) political murder unit; Gen. John K. Singlaub was a commander of MAG-SOG; Oliver North and Richard Secord were officers of the unit. By 1971, the Shackley group had killed about 100,000 civilians in Southeast Asia as part of the CIA's Operation Phoenix
  • Gannon, Guckert, spent many nights in the White House,  White House visits when no news briefings, many with no record of entry or exit.    go to YouTube   How is this connected to the Franklin Scandal? Is Gannon Johnny Gosch?  ... is an often reported question.
  • Abu Ghraib, sexual torture of prisoners, deliberate, systematic policy, MORE
  • AELE Robert Wadman  Namebase
  • Albert Food Brokerage, Michael Albert, Franklin Advisory Board, 
  • Amoto, Angela M.U.D, Franklin Advisory Board,
  • nhbrm231249.med.navy.mil (Dod Network Information Center, NewsFollowUp.com visitor
  • Dr. Ronald Roskens, University of Omaha, and Kent State, Franklin Scandal, and USAID .... how is this connected to White House, Congress, Clergy .... sex scandals?
  •  
  • Ronald Roskens is now on the Board of Directors of Conagra more  and CCD Bees
  • notes  Northington evidence disposal file

  • Named in Franklin scandal, Andersen, Harold, editor World Herald, NamebaseZoominfo on board of directors of Williams Energy, sham energy crisis in California  SEC
  • Ak Sar Ben,  Omaha business elite org.
  • igpalmyra.esu6.org (State Of Nebraska / Office Of The Cio) New York -- NFU visitor
  • American Health Care Association, Hal Daub, CEO and President, 
  • 1% Republicans, Bush has killed the Republican brand name
  • Aquino, Michael written articles,  xeper search terms: military intelligence, army, 'the colonel' Bonacci, Nelson, North, Offutt, SAC, paperboy, Presidio Child Development Center, 1986, three-year-old anally raped, Chronicle, Pamela Hudson, LCSW, abuse, satanist, Valerie Sinason, Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Gary Hambright died of AIDS, daycare staff, charges dismissed, Army of the Night, molestation, Temple of Set, Newsweek, 1987, "The Second Beast of Revelation", mother high priestess, SFPD, Mendocino and Somoma counties, Jubilation Day Care Center, Fort Bragg, Orr case, cannablism, Charlotte Thrailkill, Daryl Ball, ...
  • Aquino Xeper  If Bush blames the Democrats for the Iraq War failure they will lose the 2008 election
  • Baack, Dennis  Legislative Franklin committee,
  • bad checks, Louisiana Downs, Esquire Magazine, Namath, Jets
  • Baird-Holz John Zeilinger, Franklin Advisory Board
  • Behavioral Science Consultation Teams BSCT, Biscuits,  Abu Ghraib, Guantanamo, source: PoliticalFriendster.
  • John Stevens Berry, legislative Franklin Committee namebase
  • Blackwell Sanders Peper Martin LLP, Hal Daub joined firm in 2005, Daub received B. S. from Washington U. 1963, and see U of Nebraska, Lincoln.  Army infantry, unsuccessful bid for Senate seat 1988, lost to James Exon, 
  • Bradford, Coenen & Ashford, Dana Bradford, Franklin Advisory Board
  • Brigham Young University, Robert Wadman Robert Wadman (1997) - Assistant Professor Criminal Justice. B.S., M.B.A., Brigham Young University, 1970, 1975.  Weber
  • Bush, Whitehouse search Margie Schoedinger, 
  • nfu visitor: host-141-116-10-13.ptr.hqda.pentagon.mil Manassas
  •   Bush, Haggard, research ...  wonder if their wrinkly bits had a chance to dry before this photo was taken?
  • Byrne & Randall, Carolyn Rothery, Franklin Advisory Board, Shreveport, World Football League, KWKH, 
  • nfu visitor: cnuwgw02.tcsc.southern.mil (United States Southern Command) Ft. Belvoir
  • Capital Hill Blue  "Democrats controlled the House in 1983. In 1982, Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill had received numerous complaints about Studds' behavior along with requests that the Ethics Committee investigate Rep. Barney Frank (D-MA) whose boyfriend ran a gay prostitution ring out of the Congressman's Capitol Hill townhouse. O'Neill refused to act. A few years later, DC Vice cops arrested Frank's boyfriend and charged him with prostitution."
  • Hon. Theodore Carlson, State of Nebraska, Court of Appeals, Lincoln, Appointed 1983 by Kerry
  • Chicago Tribune no stories about Franklin Scandal on site.
  • Citron, Peter Arrested in 1965, child abuse, charges dropped, gossip columnist - Omaha World Herald during the 80's, sentenced 3-8 years 1990 - pleaded no contest to sexual assault, died June 2003.  WH article covering his death
  • Clyde Lewis Fear, "On the morning of June 29, 1989, the elder Bush’s administration was rocked by a scandal when the headlines of the Washington Times splashed "Homosexual Prostitution Probe Ensnares Official of Bush, Reagan, Call Boys Took Midnight Tour of White House."  The New York Times also had the story on its front page.  ..." search: Hunter Thompson
  • "the Colonel"
  • Colonia Dignidad  and Wikipedia
  • Covenant House deviant child sex rings
  • CNN, Brian Doyle, DHS, arrested.
  • CNN, Hastert, Foley, Blunt ... Hastert warned 3 years prior, Kirk Fordham whistleblower, Scott Palmer told about inappropriate contact, Ron Bonjean, Rep. Tom Reynolds, National Republican Congressional Committee, explicit messages, Republican Study Committee, 1% Action Values Team.  
  • Command and General Staff College, search Temple of Set, Aquino, Presidio, sodomy, oral copulation.
  • ConAgra, Harper, board: Fitzgerald, Lauritzen, Rismiller, Scott, Kiewit, Skutt, Walsh, Yanney. 
  • Crane, Dan Republican Congressman Dan Crane had sex with a female minor working as a congressional page.  list
  • Commercial Federal Savings and Loan, Franklin Advisory Board, 
  • Copple family
  • Robert Creager, legislative Franklin committee counsel
  • Daub, Hal, on Franklin Community Credit Union Advisory Board
  • Des Moines Register James Gannon editor, search Johnny Gosch, Jeff Gannon.  Talon News,    and Bobby Eberle, eye witness to Flight 77 Pentagon attack
  • Enron Corporation ... roots in Omaha, search terms: Enron Creditors Recovery Corp, NYSE, ENE, Houston, Texas, bankruptcy, 2001, leading electricity, natural gas, pulp and paper, communications company, accounting fraud, Andersen Consulting, Accenture, Skilling, Ken Lay, Kennyboy, wrinkly bits, leveraged balance sheet, Northern Natural Gas, Internorth, Enteron.
  • Des Moines Register Sep 2007 story
  • ExGayWatch, Omaha
  • Favorite First Lady was Nancy Reagan
  • Fellowship Foundation, or International Foundation, terms: prominent members of Congress, National Prayer Breakfast, Douglas Coe, The Family, founded in Seattle, 1935, fear of socialist government, anti-communist, anti-labor union, once named the Christian Leadership, decided to lower public profile, 70's, relationship with Brazilian dictator Marshal Artur da Costa e Silva, Suharto, Carlos Eugenios Vides Casanova, Gustavo Alvarez Martinez, other names include: National Committee for Christian Leadership, National Leadership Council, Fellowship House, National Fellowship Council.  Hillary Rodham Clinton
  • George Washington University School of Media and Public Affairs, scholarships, disadvantaged backgrounds, Miss Pennsylvania, 
  • Gannon, Guckert, hundreds of White House visits when no briefings, many with no record of entry or exit  go to YouTube  Maher
  • Gannon, Guckert, spent many nights in the White House,  ... visits when no news briefings, many with no record of entry or exit YouTube  How does this relate to Congress, Clergy, military sex scandals?  Insider Magazine, Wayne Madsen Gannongate
  • GodHatesFags.com Westboro Baptist Church
  • Jeff Gannon.com "A Voice of the New Media".. search White House visits.  MORE
  • Dept of Homeland Security, Justin Berry is child victim.  ....  Bush's Deputy Press Secretary for the Department of Homeland Security ... coached someone he thought was a 14 year old girl to hide their illicit communications
  • above, Brian Doyle, MIAMI - The deputy press secretary for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security was arrested Tuesday for using the Internet to seduce what he thought was a teenage girl, MORE
  • Eisenstatt, Leo
  • American writer, journalist and broadcaster,
  • Erickson and Sederstrom, Don Stenberg
  • The Fellowship
  • First National Bank of Omaha, longest running talk show, legal and financial troubles, heart attack,
  •   Did Dick Cheney call Deborah Jeane Palfrey, escort service?
  • FreeRepublic, 1% forum "King drops appeal of $1 million judgment The Associated Press State & Local Wire January 13, 2000, Thursday, BC cycle.."
  • FreeRepublic: "The disturbing possibility that individuals involved in such sex rings were protected at the highest levels of the U.S. government was raised by another little story I recently discovered from West Virginia. In 1997, a strange appointment was made by State Medical Examiner Irwin Sopher. Sopher appointed Diane Shafer as the Medical Examiner for Mingo County, despite being aware of her having been previously convicted of bribery. Shafer's suspicious past also included her apparently being married to a former Mingo coroner, Henry Vinson pled guilty to charges of credit card fraud and conspiring to violate the RICO statute in connection to the operation of a prostitution ring in Washington D.C. One of Vinson's partners was Robert Chambers, a funeral director, who pled guilty to credit card fraud and money laundering in the operation of the ring."  Peabody Award, CableACE, 
  • GayPatriot, The Internet Home  for the Gay 1%.   
  • Germany, war crimes prosecution, Stephen Cambone, sexual torture, Abu Ghraib, Guantanamo
  • Mark Foley  MORE
  • GOPUSA, Talon News, Pearland Texas, Bobby Eberle, Jeff Gannnon.
  • GospelGrace, Kay Griggs "Colonel's Wife Names Names In Military Homosexual Pedophile Underground ...Fags have a 3 point agenda: 1) decriminalize sodomy, 2) add fags to the protected classes as victims like blacks, and 3) criminalize Gospel preaching against fags.
  • Hyde, Henry Republican Congressman Henry Hyde denounced President Clinton's extramarital affair, but was later found to be an adulterer himself.  list
  • Fort Calhoun Schools, Mr. Finch, child abuse accusations. 
  • Infowars, Gannon is Gosch disinfo campaign, distraction
  • JeffGannon.com Valerie Plame outing, former Ambassador Joseph Wilson,
  • Johnson, Kent, 
  • JournalStar
  • Lyn Wallin Ziegenbein of Kiewit Foundation , King
  • Robert Kirchner, Commonwealth / Franklin parallels. fed contract to analyze Franklin Credit Union, hire Johnson
  • Liberty Post,  Rusty Nelson, White House photos, sex ring.
  • Lyn Wallin Ziegenbein of Kiewit Foundation,  King
  • Labedz, Bernice, Sen. Legislative Franklin committee,
  • Legislature's Franklin Committee
  •   John Lehman, Franklin Scandal, cover-up, 1989
  • Libby, Scooter ... connection to the Valerie Plame affair. ....  Libby's sexually explicit writings. In 1996, Libby book:  Apprentice, The book's filled with homoeroticism, bestiality and incestuous themes, with an unspeakably gross passage where a ten-year-old girl is abused.  Caged, and forced to have sex with bears, to become a prostitute, search terms: a scene of incest between two uncles and their niece; fukk a freshly killed deer, prepubescent girl's painted 'mound', lack of vaginal odor, family values political party, abstinence education,  restricted reproductive rights, opposition to same-sex marriage,  source: nerve.com
  • Lincoln Journal, Kathy Rutledge, editor Loretta Smith, DeCamp discredit them. see Wikipedia
  • Trent Lott, Lot, Lut
  • Los Angeles Press Club, Shawn Southwick
  • Lowe, Jerry, Lincoln police officer, analyze Commonwealth, no training, 
  • Lynch, Dan Legislative Franklin committee,
  • Mahoney, Eugene, Namebase
  • Massachusetts Mutual Insurance Company, Joseph Barker III, Franklin Advisory Board,
  • Omaha McCain, retired police officer Dave Friend ran for mayor of Omaha as a Republican. The GOP in Omaha held a fundraiser for the mayoral election during that election and raised a half million dollars in one night. Then the Omaha Republicans gave it all to the Democratic incumbent mayor Mike Fahey.  Hal Daub was Friend's mentor for the election. Daub also was ousted from Omaha.
  • Morgan, P.J. drugs
  • Murray State Bank, Dale Wolforth, Franklin Advisory Board,
  • National Center for Assisted Living, Hal Daub served as CEO and President, eagle scout.
  • National Security Agency, controlled by Stephen Cambone,
  • National Security Agency, Stephen Cambone
  • National Imagery and Mapping Agency, controlled by Stephen Cambone
  • National Reconnaisance Organization, controlled by Stephen Cambone,  
  • National Vanguard "a homosexual ring had been operating out of Governor Reagan’s office’ for six months with his full knowledge.. MORE BELOW
  • Nebraska Citizen Don Stenberg
  • Nebraska History search Andersen, Baer
  • Nebraska State Foster Care Review Board
  • New York Times, West Point Child Development Center, child abuse, 
  • New York Times  King trial delayed, incompetent to stand trial, treatment, Magistrate Richard Kopf, paranoid disorder, report prepared by Dr. Dorsey Dysart, chief psychiatrist at the Federal Medical Center in Springfield, Mo., who has diagnosed Mr. King as suffering from ''probable delusional paranoid disorder - grandiose type.'' A patient with such a disorder believes he has great powers to do things other people cannot.  article  and LibertyPost
  • Northwest Bell, Leslie McAuley, Franklin Advisory Board,
  • Northern Natural Gas, James Healy, Franklin Advisory Board
  • Offutt Air Force Base, Strategic Air Command, 
  • Rendition, CIA, secret prisons, sexual torture
  • Omaha National Bank, Donald Miller, FAB
  • Omaha Police Department
  • Omaha World Herald search of Lawrence E. King Jr. -- no matches.
  • Orpheum Tower
  • Van Pelt, Samuel Grand Jury guided by prosecutor Samuel Van Pelt. namebase
  • Presidio search Michael Aquino, satanic cult leader, Ronald Reagan, Maureen Reagan.
  • Pumpernik's Restaurant, interviews, waitress, Bobby Darin, first celebrity, local stardom,  then Miami Undercover, 
  • Putin, pedophile
  • John Queen, Commonwealth / Franklin parallels.  fed contract to analyze Franklin Credit Union, hire Johnson
  • R-Lynn, Inc Franklin Advisory Board, Samual Marvin,
  • Hon. Gary Randall, State of Nebraska, 4th District, Douglas County Hall of Justice, 17th and Farnam Streets, Omaha, NE 68183. research: Casey Randall, "Larry's maid" Larry King, Julie Walters, youth care worker who interviewed Nelly and Kimberly, Boystown employee.  Karen Ormiston, Legislative Franklin committee investigator.  Deward Finch, Superintendent of Schools, friend of Tripp.  Kent Miller, Fort Calhoun High School principal, friend of Tripp, 1986, Walter report alleges Webbs pimped out their adopted and foster children to Larry King for his parties. 
  • Roskens: Another ramrod in the CIA's male prostitution network was Ronald Roskens, former chancellor of the University of Nebraska. Lawrence King had been one of his closest "advisers." Roskens was fired from the position in 1989 when his involvement in homosexual orgies was reported to the university's board of regents and verified by them. A year later, President George Bush called Roskens to Washington to head the Agency of International Development (AID), commonly utilized as a cover in CIA operations overseas. AID also disburses $7 billion in nonmilitary foreign aid, and thus wields enormous geopolitical power.
  • Rotary Club of Beverly Hills,  
  • Senator Larry Craig,
  • Sign Post, Weber State University,
  • Rev. Thomas J. Smith 
  • Social Security Advisory Board, member, Hal Daub, mayor of Omaha during Franklin Scandal, 
  • Southfork Ranch
  • Spence, Republican lobbyist Craig J. Spence organized child sex parties at the White House during the 1980s.  list
  • Attorney General Robert Spire research
  • Standard Chemical of Omaha, Hal Daub, mayor 1995-2001, Rep. 2nd congressional district, joined Blackwell Sanders Peper Martin LLP in 2005, 
  • Stenberg, Don, website
  • Strom Thurmond, Republican racist pedophile and United States Senator Strom Thurmond had sex with a 15-year old black girl which produced a child. list
  • Queer fraternities, Nebraska, LGBT, Lambda 10 Project, National Clearinghouse for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Greek Issues, Delta Lambda Phi, a national fraternity for gay bisexual and progressive men.
  • Tapscott, Mark  Claims to fame: Director of The Heritage Foundation’s Center for Media and Public Policy; ex-communications director for Sen. Orrin Hatch (R-Mormon, UT); assistant director of U.S. Office of Personnel Management under Ronald Reagan; Washington Examiner editorial page editor; former assistant managing editor of Rev. Sun Myung Moon’s Washington Times; hard-hard-hardcore Republican; alleged john  Moral apex: Implicated in the Franklin Credit Union Child-Sex Ring Scandal.  source: 1% Babylon
  •   U.S. Attorney Johnny, Sutton, failure to prosecute sexual abuse, TYC  MORE
  • Temple of Set, official site xeper
  • Texas Youth Commission, sodomy, juvenile corrections, open government reports, facility information, press releases, demographics, recidivism, statistics, hotline, report alleged wrongdoing. resocialization, victim services, treatment,
  • Tripp Schweer & Wilson, Omaha, Nebraska
  • Twin Towers,
  • Union Pacific Railroad, Franklin Advisory Board, Arnold Nesbitt
  • University of Nebraska, David Hinton, College of Public Affairs, Franklin Advisory Board
  • University of Nebraska, David Ambrose,
  • U. S. District Court, Franklin Community Credit Union, evidence disposal / destruction
  • Van Pelt, Samuel, County District Judge, convened a grand jury, accusations 'deemed carefully crafted hoax'.
  • Warner Jerome, Legislative Franklin committee,
  • Washington Times search Franklin Scandal, Paul Rodriguez and editor-in-chief Wes Pruden
  • Washington Times Randall Casseday, arrested, 
  • Kent Whinnery, legislative Franklin committee counsel link
  •  
  • Wadman, Robert
  • Walters, John,  U.S. director of National Drug Control Policy,
  • Weber State University Albanian National Police, State Department, Department of Justice, Poland, Haiti, Nigeria. Criminal Justice professor. promote democracy
  • Westin Crown Center Hotel, King flew teenagers, 1985, allegations
  • Western and Pacific Association of Criminal Justice Educators search Robert Wadman.
  • World Herald, Omaha
  • World Herald Zorinsky files, text
  • WorldNetDaily "Attorney General Gonzales among officials who allegedly ignored abuse of minor boys ...  
  • WorldVision
  • Frada Miller
  • WPLG, WPST-TV, channel 10, moderated debates, 
  • Yale Alumni Magazine  search Skull & Bones, Publicly masturb ated in a coffin in view of the other members of the fraternity. 3. Swore allegiance to Satan while touching a human skull. 4. Bowed before a man dressed as Satan. 5. Permitted a man to press a human femur (thigh bone) into his an us. ... MORE
  • Zionism, Zionist, torture Abu Ghraib, 
  • "Heard on the Hill" column in "Roll Call" (the daily newspaper that covers only Congress) and the "Under the Dome" column in "The Hill"
  • notes: EducateYourself "From what I know from my own corner of the world, there is excellent reason to investigate Bush for possible involvement in the dope business. Think back to what I reported in Chapter 13, "The Washington Connection," about how George Bush and Larry King were linked in multiple ways, including eyewitness reports placing Bush at King's sex parties. Think about the constant rumors that King was financing the Contras, who have now been proved to have been running dope by the ton.   ...   The first investigative reporter to ever look at Franklin, the World Herald's James Flanery, told associates that King was "running guns and money into Nicaragua," and that the CIA was heavily involved. (Flanery was soon taken off the story and shipped out of state for a year.)   ...  Records exist to show that Larry King was a top contributor to a Contra "support committee," the Citizens for America (CFA). King's own public relations firm was also used by the Contras."   full story
  • Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (G/TIP) underfunded by Bush, John Miller resigned, replaced by born-again Christian Mark Lagon, wants evangelical and Catholic Church in on fighting trafficking (fox guarding the hen house)
  • Famous Omaha people: Fred Astaire, Max Baer, John Beasley, Mildred Brown, Bob Boozer, James Connor, Eric Crouch, Tom Dennison, General George Crook, Henry Fonda, Peter Fonda, Gerald R. Ford, Bob Gibson, Harry Haywood, Brigadier General Frank Purdy Lahm, Charlie Munger, Buddy Miles, Nick Nolte, Tillie Olsen, J. Joseph Ricketts, Andy Roddick, Gale Sayers, Walter Scott Jr., Thomas Tibbles, 311, Wallace Thurman, Roger Williams, Malcolm X, 
  • Corporations, Omaha: Gallup, infoUSA, 
  • Gay history, Omaha: 
  • Beau Biden notes WMR's sources in Delaware report that there is a pedophile scandal unfolding in the state that could have national implications. A 63-page report issued yesterday by Linda Ammons, the dean of Widener University's Law School appointed by Democratic Governor Jack Markell to an independent panel to investigate why the state and other entities failed to take proper action against Lewes pediatrician Earl Bradley for committing more than 103 sexual assaults on his young patients in Delaware since 1998 and failing to recognize similar charges resulting in a formal investigation in Philadelphia in 1994. The issuance of the report was followed by the minor stroke of 41-year old Delaware Attorney General Beau Biden, the son of Vice President Biden. Beau Biden's office of Attorney General was cited in the Ammons report for failing to take quick action against Bradley who has since been indicted on 471 criminal counts. Bradley has pleaded not guilty to all the charges.   more search terms: White House made annoucement, similar to Paul Wellstone, Beebe Medical Center, warrant refusal, incriminate others, young girls sexually abused, Milford investigation, AG Stacey Cohee, Georgetown, Sussex, Iraq, Gebelein, Sinclair,  National Press Club, Roger Blevins III, stealing campaign, gay pornographic website, One House with 5 guys and fifteen cameras, sugar daddy,
Robert A. Hawkins, Von Maur, shootings, evidence discrepancies, ....  why were the FBI and DHS in the mall before the shootings?

Mall entry time is after shot of Hawkins in the mall? Police said he was in and out of the mall before the shootings.

  • GodLikeProductions questions: MSNBC
  • images: CNN  Ask  USAToday  YouTube Bush, Bellevue, mother Maribel "Molly" Rodriguez,
  • In a segment from ABC World News, Charles Gibson reveals that President Bush "coincidentally had been in Omaha just hours before the shooting began."  We are also made aware that an agent with the Department of Homeland Security visited the exact same mall "shortly before" the massacre took place. He was reportedly there to speak with officials about the mall's security. YouTube  PrisonPlanet forum
  • search terms: state ward, spent $265,000 on his care, Westroads Mall, Gov. Heineman, Hawkins also stayed at Piney Ridge, Cooper Village (Omaha), Lutheran Family Services, and Addiction and Behavioral Health Services Inc. ... threatened to kill his grandmother, anti-depressant drugs, foster care, charged with possession with intent to deliver, live with father in La Vista, August 2006 state care ends, Papillion-LaVista High School dropped out, unmotivated, troubled, non-violent, AK-47, two thirty-round magazines, Washington County drug charges dropped. also SKS weapon mentioned ?  Hawkins  5-foot-7 and 128 lbs.
  • more: "appeared to have shot himself in the back of the head" statement, restricted number, Debora Maruca Kovak, stepfather in Thailand during the shooting, Police chief Thomas Warren, he fired 30 rounds, 7.62 mm ammunition, semiautomatic, assault weapon, ban expired in 2004, Mark Dotson and Rodriguez were married, divorced, missing rifle, Dotson owned the rifle, 
  • Points to consider:
  • YouTube video: 'Conspiracy of Silence', on Franklin Scandal, originally to air on the Discovery Channel May 3, 1994, but was cancelled at the last minute ...
  • 'Conspiracy of Silence' was listed in the 1994 April 30th-May 6th edition of TV-Guide.
  • Yorkshire Television and the Discovery Channel were reimbursed for their production costs.  go to video: YouTube
  • The child abuse victims passed lie detector tests.
  •   click to open 450 page pdf file  'The Franklin Cover-up, Child Abuse,  Satanism, and Murder in Nebraska, by John W. DeCamp
  • Links to Iran-Contra
  • The Franklin Scandal is largely unknown in America, but recent scandals could help revive it.
  • Carole Lam, ... the firing of 8 U.S. Attorney's by Bush, Rove, Miers....has shed important light on recent and past corruption scandals.
  • "Carol Lam, who helped win the 2005 political corruption conviction of then-U.S. Republican Rep. Randy "Duke" Cunningham of California, was among seven prosecutors fired on December 7. ABC News and Signs on San Diego and Signs on San Diego, articles.  and CIA - Foggo investigation ABCNews  .... Foggo oversaw Cunningham contracts.  and see The Hill ... Porter Goss Foggo promotion.   and CREW  Sen. Diane Feinstein confirms Lam's Foggo / Abramoff investigation.  and ThinkProgress  Sen. Patrick Leahy  - Rove Miers subpoenas.  
  • , Franklin Scandal victims: Boner, Bonacci, Owen
  • and click to enlarge full story
  • Is the New York Times article reminiscent of New York Times / Judith Miller's lies about WMD in the run-up to the Iraq War.
  • Wikipedia: "Paul A. Bonacci won a default judgment judgment of $800,000 compensatory damages and $200,000 in punitive damages in a civil action against Lawrence King in which the petition alleged kidnapping, mind control, satanic ritual abuse, and sexual abuse, and alleged various personal injuries, both physical and psychological. The Judge did not rule on these allegations, but merely ruled on the motion for default judgment." ...  the plaintiff's allegations were required to be taken as fact based on the testimony, since no contrary evidence was introduced. On that basis, the judge awarded monetary damages. The case was not appealed. enlarge
  • Craig Spence, Former ABC News correspondent and Republican lobbyist, death by suicide.
  • Franklin arrested two days before Bush Sr. elected in 1988.  Credible evidence of CIA, FBI participation in cover-up.
  • Nebraska state police reports and the Nebraska Foster Care Review Board ... and 50 page report by Omaha's Boys Town welfare case officer Mrs. Julie Walters, detail massive child sex, homosexual and pornography operation run by Larry King, with close ties to the White House.
  •        subject map
  •        
  • WayneMadsenReport "Presidential adviser Karl Rove has been implicated by child welfare advocates in Texas in the failure of the Justice Department to prosecute the Texas child abuse and pedophilia cases. Indictments in the case prepared by the US Attorney for West Texas were reportedly spiked on the orders of the White House and Justice Department."  Congress and the FBI should take a close look at Alberto Gonzales, Albert Moskowitz, Johnny Sutton, Bill Baumann, and Karl Rove.
  • WorldNetDaily "Attorney General Alberto Gonzales and U.S. Attorney Johnny Sutton, both already under siege for other matters, are now being accused of failing to prosecute officers of the Texas Youth Commission after a Texas Ranger investigation documented that guards and administrators were sexually abusing the institution's teenage boy inmates.  Among the charges in the Texas Ranger report were that administrators would rouse boys from their sleep for the purpose of conducting all-night sex parties.  Ray Brookins, one of the officials named in the report, was a Texas prison guard before being hired at the youth commission school. As a prison guard, Brookins had a history of disciplinary and petty criminal records dating back 21 years. He retained his job despite charges of using pornography on the job, including viewing nude photos of men and women on state computers.  The Texas Youth Commission controversy traces back to a criminal investigation conducted in 2005 by Texas Ranger Brian Burzynski. The investigation revealed key employees at the West Texas State School in Pyote, Texas, were systematically abusing youth inmates in their custody."  B. D. Colen, cardiovascular disease, Court TV, Cardiac Foundation
  • Flocco "According to U.S. intelligence sources, President Bush obstructed justice last December when he had senior advisor Karl Rove and White House Counsel Harriet Miers instruct Attorney General Alberto Gonzales to fire eight U.S. attorneys who were among several others conducting ongoing public corruption and secret national security grand jury investigations connected to an espionage–linked prostitution / pedophile sex ring operating at the Washington Ritz-Carlton and other DC hotels, whose clients included U.S. senators and congressmen, elite Washington news reporters and high government officials—some of whom were named by an intelligence insider.  Central to the scandal is fired U.S. attorney Carole Lam of California who was reportedly conducting testimony before grand juries linking indicted former Bush CIA Executive Director Kyle “Dusty” Foggo and convicted Republican lobbyist Jack Abramoff to the sex ring, Israeli espionage, GOP Under Secretary of Defense for policy Douglas J. Feith, a forged British intelligence dossier used by Mr. Bush to deceive Americans into supporting war against Iraq and an attempt to plant weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in Iraq before the war via an intelligence pipeline through Dubai and Turkey.  During her House testimony before Democrat Chairman Henry Waxman’s House Oversight and Government Reform Committee last Friday, “national security” concerns were given as the reason for prohibiting covert CIA operative Valerie Plame-Wilson from revealing that her CIA energy front company Brewster-Jennings had prevented the planting of WMD in Iraq by the White House-linked intelligence pipeline, resulting in the forged British dossier being used for building an artificial case for war against Iraq."
  • This is London "The document recommended that rather than reporting sexual abuse to the relevant legal authorities, bishops should encourage the victim, witnesses and perpetrator not to talk about it. And, to keep victims quiet, it threatened that if they repeat the allegations they would be excommunicated. ... Five years ago he sent out an updated version of the notorious 1962 Vatican document Crimen Sollicitationis - Latin for The Crime of Solicitation - which laid down the Vatican's strict instructions on covering up sexual scandal. It was regarded as so secret that it came with instructions that bishops had to keep it locked in a safe at all times.  Cardinal Ratzinger reinforced the strict cover-up policy by introducing a new principle: that the Vatican must have what it calls Exclusive Competence. In other words, he commanded that all child abuse allegations should be dealt with direct by Rome.  Patrick Wall, a former Vatican-approved enforcer of the Crimen Sollicitationis in America, tells the programme: "I found out I wasn't working for a holy institution, but an institution that was wholly concentrated on protecting itself."  
  • Clyde Lewis One witness Alisha Jahn Owen testified before a grand jury that she was sexually abused as a juvenile by a Nebraska district court judge, by the chief of police of the city of Omaha, by the manager of the Franklin Community Federal Credit Union, and others.  Alisha Owen also witnessed, she said, the abuse of other children by figures in Nebraska’s political and financial establishment whom she named, among them the publisher of the state’s largest newspaper, the Omaha World–Herald. She testified that she was in a group of Nebraska children who functioned for years as illegal drug couriers, traveling nationwide for some of Nebraska’s wealthiest, most powerful and prominent businessmen.  Two grand juries, one local and one federal, had a mandate to consider these and other charges of child abuse connected with the Franklin Credit Union. They indicted the victim–witnesses for perjury instead!  Alisha Owen was pronounced guilty by a jury in Douglas County, Nebraska, on eight counts of felony perjury. On August 8, 1991, she was sentenced to serve nine to twenty–seven years in prison.
  • National Vanguard "a column by Drew Pearson appeared in the New York Post, reporting that “‘a homosexual ring had been operating out of Governor Reagan’s office’ for six months with his full knowledge and that the governor did not act until pressured by aides into firing the men. The columnist alleged that Art Van Court [Reagan’s bodyguard, later a federal marshal, who conducted the investigation into the affair] had a tape recording ‘of a [homosexual] sex orgy which had taken place at a cabin near Lake Tahoe, leased by two members of Reagan’s staff.’”  Reagan “denied everything and called the columnist a liar.” At a press conference he “slammed his fist on the lectern and yelled at reporters,” refusing to identify the two men.  “The Reagans immediately adopted a censorious public stance toward homosexuality. He condemned it as ‘an abomination in the eyes of the Lord,’ and she denounced it as a ‘sickness’ and an ‘abnormality’ Yet privately, they continued to patronize their astrologer, Carroll Righter, a homosexual, and to socialize with a homosexual male couple who were frequently invited to the [Jewish] Bloomingdales’ dinner parties. Nancy maintained close relationships with [Gentile author] Truman Capote, [Jewish attorney and former aide to Senator Joseph McCarthy] Roy Cohn, and [Jew] Jerry Zipkin, who once lived with [English novelist] Somerset Maugham; she depended on homosexual men like her hairdresser and interior decorator to define her style and execute her taste.” (Kelley, 165-167)"  coast to coast, Nebel death, 
  • Indymedia, Oklahoma, Thomas Aquino, "... Satanic subversion of the U.S. Military by Jeffrey Steinberg Softies on Satan  --- "When the San Francisco Chronicle contacted Army officials at the Presidio to find out if Aquino's security clearances had been lifted as the result of the pedophile investigations, the reporters were referred to the Pentagon, where Army spokesman Maj. Greg Rixon told them, "The question is whether he is trustworthy or can do the job. There is nothing that would indicate in this case that there is any problem we should be concerned about."  "Indeed, the Pentagon had already given its de facto blessings to Aquino's long-standing public association with the Church of Satan and his own successor "church," the Temple of Set. As early as April 1978, the U.S. Army had circulated A Handbook for Chaplains "to facilitate the provision of religious activities." Both the Church of Satan and the Temple of Set were listed among the "other" religions to be tolerated inside the U.S. military. A section of the handbook dealing with Satanism stated, "Often confused with witchcraft, Satanism is the worship of Satan (also known as Baphomet or Lucifer). Classical Satanism, often involving 'black masses,' human sacrifices, and other sacrilegious or illegal acts, is now rare. Modern Satanism is based on both the knowledge of ritual magick and the 'anti-establishment' mood of the 1960s. It is related to classical Satanism more in image than substance, and generally focuses on 'rational self-interest with ritualistic trappings.' " Herb Jepko,  WGMA, Hollywood, Edward Little
  • a young girl, Eulice (Lisa) Washington, was the center of an investigation by Andrea L. Carener, of the Nebraska Department of Social Services. The investigation was instigated because Lisa and her sister Tracey continually ran away from their foster parents, Jarrett and Barbara Webb. Initially reluctant to disclose information for fear of being further punished, the two girls eventually recounted a remarkable story, later backed up by OTHER children who had been fostered out to the Webb's [sic].  
  • Search term notes from Franklin Coverup pdf: notes: 1985, .......         child abuse, ebook by Happytribe, Columbine -antidepressant drub cover-up, Troy Boner - FBI - Ted Gunderson.  ( Ronald Reagan, George Bush Sr, William Colby, Ronald Roskins - AID, all related Larry King affair).   Nebraska legislature investigative committee, single-engine plane crash that killed Gary Caradori and his son.  Wealthiest businessmen of Omaha Nebraska.  Alisha Owen guilty of perjury, Douglas County, she told grand jury she was sexually abused as a juvenile by the chief of police and Larry King, and witnessed others being abused by the publisher of the Omaha World-Herald, said she was forced to courier drugs.  Paul Bonacci also charged with perjury.  Lawrence E. King, Jr., was an officer in the National Black Republican Council, he sang the national anthem at the 1984 and 1988 GOP national conventions. Nearly $40 million missing from Franklin Community Credit Union, revelations that Franklin's officers and prominent Republican Nebraskans had flown children from city to city to be abused.  Most unaware of case, locals told its closed, Larry King served jail sentence for misappropriation of funds, after guilty plea, officials said no evidence of drug peddling, child abuse, satanic activity, all just a carefully crafted hoax. Legislative investigation started 1988 ended 1991, main investigator: the late Gary Caradori.  Committee chairman Senator Loran Schmit, case leads to drug-trafficking, money laundering, pornography, kidnapping and sale of children.  Caradori wrote to Nebraska Secretary of State Alan Beerman about threats.   Phone taps.  Caradori and his son died in plane crash July 11 in Lee County, Illinois.  Early the next day FBI subpoened all his records.  Days Inn Lakefront Motel ... no records of his stay.  June 21, 1991 case shut down, Bonacci charges dropped.  First alarm: 1985: Washington County, DSS, case: Sean, Sally, Steve McArthur in foster care with Jarrett and Barbara Webb, Fort Calhoun, child abuse complaint, Webb worked for Omaha Public Power District and was board member of FCFCU, Barbara is Larry King's cousin.  As many as nine children in the home, sexual abuse.  Attorney Gary Randal, brother Casey Randal was in orbit of Franklin Credit.  State suspended Webb's foster care license 1986, Prosecutor Patrick Tripp did not file sexual abuse charges against Webb, called them liars. Julie Walters a youth care worker noted Webb attitude.  Polygraph tests showed Webb children telling truth.  Pat Tripp 'good friends' with Deward Finch and Kent Miller named by Nelly and Kimberly.  Also in Walter's report: Nelly and Kimberly found porn tapes under Webb's bed showing teenage sexual activity, said King supplied tapes.  Parties, boys from Boystown in summer of 84, sexual activity. More Julie Walters' report turned over to law enforcement agencies 1986, and DSS logs available. Margo Georgiu and daughter Brenda Parker file complaint against Rusty Nelson 'possible child pornography', Larry King, 'the boss', opulent apartment, nude photographs, Nelson homosexual,  King influential in Republican Party.  Loretta Smith, hospitalized at Richard Young Hospital, photographed nude, devil worship, Nelly and Kimberly Webb, nude modeling of children, North Omaha Girls Club, killed if refused to participate, drugged, Webb girls reported to police but nothing done.  Fort Calhoun Schools, Mr. Finch did nothing about child porn reports, Loretta Isabel Smith mentioned Larry King.  Gary West, King's Wirt Street house,  parties.  Loretta Smith's hospital reports: witnessed child homicides, cult activities, Ray, got high, parties, ten men in their mid thirties, Loretta only nine years old, would be killed it they told of activities, drugged, decapitation, id Larry King, Mr. Finch, Ace, King Horse, Jerry Lucifer, Mike, Loretta called police, said she was raped, cannablism, Foster Care Review Board said Smith testimony highly credible, significant details, Webb, Georgiu corroboration.  Dennis Carlson NFCRB, officers kept Wadman away from investigation, fearing he was protecting King's activities, Investigator Carmean and Investigator Hoch lost all interest in the case, transferred out, pulled out. Wadman tried to get Carmean declard crazy,  Omaha Public Safety Directo Pitmon Fox (cousin of Larry King) said Carmean needed mental health evaluation, Officer Bill Skoleski died of heart attack also kept file on Larry King.  Radio station KKAR said child abuse attention prurient, inappropriate, Wadman said all investigations were 'dead end'.  Wadman said he barely knew King, suitcase release.  Legislative Franklin committee counsel include: John Stevens Berry, Robert Creager, and Wadman's attorney Kent Whinnery, investigation goes nowhere.  Cover-up.  NFCRB received child abuse reports and frustrated that nothing was done, Director Carol Sitt, 1988 spoke with Nebraska's Republican governor Kay Orr, she said 'do whatever is necessary' to secure investigation, wrote to Attorney General Robert Spire, had detailed abuse by victims, received call from Kirsten Hallberg, added Uta Halee Girls Village report on Larry King, turned files over to Spire, nothing happened for months, Stitt and Dennis Carlson demanded meeting with Howland, Nov 22, 1988, nothing, contacted governor again, Thomas Vlahoulis put on case, part time, nothing done.  Sitt went to Douglas County.  Val Peter, Boys Town, FBI intimidation of Loretta Smith, Senator Loran Schmit asked Carol Sitt what effect the gross mishandling of her case might have on Loretta Smith, all cover-up. 1983, Copple family, Commonwealth Savings ante up assets to redeem depositor losses, Bob Kerry governor, and State Security Savings, Bill Wright, used powers of state government to loot State Security's depositors, cesspool headed by Kerry.  Commonwealth case parallels Franklin case, cast of characters overlap, John Queen, Robert Kirchner, get fed contract to analyze Franklin Credit Union, Kopf legal counsel Commonwealth legislative committee, while Larry King out of town, Alisha Owen indicted, Kopf appointed federal judge.  Nov 4, 1988, FBI, National Fed Credit Union, shut down Franklin Credit, $40 mil missing, secret set of books, Sen. Ernie Chambers, and Sen. Loran Schmit main investigators, Schmit knew of King behaviors, King at Republican national conventions, Sen. Haberman said King was rising star, Maureen Reagan, parties, Schmit wanted probe of Franklin, legitimate investigation started, Chambers announced investigation into child abuse, sexual abuse, Stitt, Carlson, Williams presented evidence.  Senator Remmers, King common thread, Boystown, Stitt described coverup, received Walters report.  Wadman and Spire offer weak protest, Legislative Committee hired Jerry Lowe, Kirk Naylor, Special Counsel, detailed King's Nicaragua / CIA / White House connections, Wadman implicated.  investigation caution.  Caradori finds victims who would talk, videotaped, contained detailed allegations of sexual abuse, drug usage, pornography and other crimes by prominent Omaha citizens, including Larry King, Rusty Nelson, Deward Finch, but tapes became target of speculation, denunciation, rumor, doubt.  Alisha Owen cooperated, said involved, mentioned Alan Baer, Harold Andersen, Robert Waldman, she described flights to other states, testified on video tape, about 1983 Twin Towers events, Mark Powers, Alfie Allen, 14 yr old boys, Troy Boner, oral sex, fellatio, Gene Mahoney, Peter Citron, Kansas City, Pasadena, Los Angeles, private flights, Dixon and Dixon, Jackie Compton, Bob Kerry, Tom McKinney.  Caradori filed backup report, Troy Boner witness.  Schmit had tapes released, Dec 1989, Associated Press reported statements to be credible, but no move to prosecutions.  DeCamp public memo included prominent perpetrators.  DeCamp recommends Schmit go to FBI, regional head Nick O'Hara, who said Wadman was his closest personal friend, all unknown to DeCamp, O'Hara acted like investigating them.  Art Bell, Jim Bohannon, Caradori's tapes publicly surfaced, Omaha World Herald wrote articles to discredit witnesses, safety of witnesses a concern, Sen. Jerry Chizek chairman of Legislature's Judiciary Committee inquisitive, tight with Douglas County Sheriff Dick Roth, secret meeting, Judge Corrigan, DeCamp, auto body repair shop, focus on witness protection, Roth believed validity of tapes, said O'Hara - Wadman - FBI close, meeting resulted in no action. World Herald, pressure to repudiate.  Loretta Smith contacted DeCamp who said he believed her, Kathy Rutledge of the Lincoln Journal called DeCamp, threatening, John Goc, threatening DeCamp disbarment, ... then bar investigation of DeCamp, Open Phone America, World Herald Bob Dorr questions DeCamp about Franklin secret information, answered Dorr's questions in DeCamp memo, bar investigation terminated, Lincoln Journal corrected false first false story, DeCamp filed slander and defamation lawsuit against Journal, still in courts. Harold Andersen editor World Harold, most powerful and rich public personalities are central figures in Franklin investigation, truth is a defense in lawsuits, DeCamp memo causes firestorm statewide, Kansas City Star article.  Agreement for Citron to sue DeCamp,  then Citron charged with sex crimes with male minors, the victims poured out info, Citron pleaded guilty, World Herald still condemning DeCamp memo, suppressed Franklin and Commonwealth, State Security stories, 'The Portland Laugher, The Todd Cruz Caller, World Herald accused  Sen. Schmit for Legislative Franklin Committee leaks.  Robert Fenner of NCUA gave DeCamp details of Franklin secret accounts, DeCamp: "I believe he wanted-through me-to throw cold water on the questions that were heating up in Omaha, about the role of Franklin monies in the Iran-Contra money laundering schemes".  DeCamp shared this with Schmit. Paul Bonacci: 1990 Caradori discovered fourth victim witness, Bonacci, corrobated earlier tapes, victim of King, Baer, Citron, had some knowledge of Wadman, Harld Andersen, Judge Carlson, hundreds of 'trips' 15-20 to Washington D.C., other cities, OPD Mike Hoch might prosecute Bonacci.  Baer 'milk run' $20 for oral sex, threats on Bonacci's life, said probably Wadman who got Alisha Owen pregnant, Alan Baer 'scavenger hunts', bizarre sexual satanic disturbing stuff, Hunter Thompson.  Cover-up phase, Gary Caradori death, Douglas County grand jury convened July 1990, DeCamp memo, World Herald story "Grand Jury Says Abuse Stories 'Carefully Crafted Hoax'.  Grand Jury cleared Franklin of child abuse.  Never subpoenaed King, indicted Baer, Citron already had been indicted, indicted Owen and Bonacci, said Owen abused but not by the people and in the way she said.  Troy Boner and Danny King recanted, Nelly Webb gave more details on trips, Loretta Smith, said no evidence of connection to King, Andersen threats, rumormongers, hoax terms, Grand Jury says it's all hoax.  DeCamp, Schmit, Chambers, Casey came under attack from Grand Jury.  Karen Ormiston passed lie-detector tests about validity of Caradori tapes.  Caradori's evidence, Fuel records of planes that Owen, receipts, ignored by grand jury, tapes still exist.  KETV Channel 7 poll said 10-1 viewer dissatisfaction in grand jury report. Citron was World Herald society columnist, WH defended grand jury.  Grand Jury guided by prosecutor Samuel Van Pelt, and foreman Michael Flannigan.  Nebraska, worst laws on grand jury system. Nebraska Attorney General said these poor laws should exempt grand juries from responsibility of their errors.  amazing.  evidence of jury rigged, Lincoln Journal letter about Van Pelt cover-up of state police SWAT team death of farmer and political activist Arthur Kirk, World Herald defended Van Pelt.  Bonacci, Owen, and 'Jane Doe' charged that Van Pelt intimidated them into recanting their testimony, grand jury setup, told them how and what to say...Cosentino letter to Chambers, selective accusatorial questions, not looking for evidence, polish the text, King not called because he would 'plead the fifth'. Public outcry forced Douglas County prosecutor Ronald Staskiewicz appointed County Assistant Attorney Robert Sigler (Smiley) , continued the cover-up, two witnesses actually placed him in the Franklin case.  Scandal Scooper, The Water is Warmer 500 affiliates, Bonacci named Sigler as 'trip' participant. KAM air, Kansas City, Sioux City, Iowa, Joe Caniglia, Alan Baer, Robert Sigler.  Sigler was Charlie Rogers' (former Larry King lover) attorney, Rogers died of suicide, grand jury dismissed all this.  Bonacci  a big problem because he didn't recant. the grand jury had to call him a liar, but said he diagnosed with having mulitple personalities, but how can he be convicted of perjury? Dr. Berverly Mead hired, said he can't lie, just changes stories, and could tell truth depending on which personality he's in. Mead said Bonacci telling truth about sexual abuse at Southfork Ranch.  Westwood One, 40,000 interviews, and in Rosenthal questioins he was being truthful about abuse by Andersen, King, Baer and others.  Concerned Citizens for Responsible Government, investigated Kerry, Commonwealth Savings, State Security collapse, Ak Sar Ben, ConAgra CEO Mike Harper defended, Union Pacific Railroad chairman Michael Walsh, CEO Walter Scott of Peter Kiewit and Sons. Eugene Mahoney king of Ak Sar Ben 1991, investigated by Caradori. Washington connection, picture of King and Maureen Reagan, Southfork Ranch, July 5 1989 Washington Times Craig Spence, found dead in Boston hotel room 1989.  NAMBLA North American Man Boy Love Association, "sex before eight is too late" slogan, Bonacci testified being transported by NAMBLA, John Gosch Sr. hold poster of kidnapped son. Jill Cutshall, Norfold Nebraska kidnapped, Bonacci provided leads, Italian weekly Avvenimenti printed expose on Franklin Scandal, authors visited Nebraska 1991, Rev. James Bevel (MLK friend) led child abuse picket line 1991.  Omaha business community: Sen. Schmit warned investigation committee of rough road, Chambers represented black district of north Omaha, King not alone.  power structure, Bill Fitzgerald, Commercial Savings and Loan,  Ken Power of US West, Lyn Wallin Ziegenbein of Kiewit Foundation,  Harold Andersen all defended Larry King, despite warnings of Julie Walters Boystown social worker.  French Cafe, Sheila Calder (witness), partly owned by King, named a center of sexual abuse.  Ak Sar Ben (freemasonic social org centered on race track and fairgrounds in Omaha) closed ranks around Alan Baer, big Omaha company boards, same people, Mike Harper, ConAgra was king, 1990, pagan rituals.  ConAgra, Harper, board: Fitzgerald, Lauritzen, Rismiller, Scott, Kiewit, Skutt, Walsh, Yanney. poured millions into Franklin Credit Union, deposits contributions, supported King, advice, Consumer Services Organization, Barbara Moore employed by Sue Scott, Mutual of Omaha placed funds in Franklin.  Franklin small board: King, Webb, Hart Jr. named child abusers, Advisory Board: Andersen, Daub, Dodge II, Wallin, Kutak, Rock, Huie law firm, Thomas, Jamrog, Nesbitt, Hinton, Lamberty, Marvin, McAuley, Miller, Rothery, Wolforth, Zeilinger, Albert, Amato, Ambrose, Barker III, Bradford, Erickson, Healy.  Washington connection: Chamber,  Schmit, investigation would lead to highest levels of Republican party, Omaha biz community distances itself from King. King rising Republican star, but, heart attack, quintuple-bypass surgery, Don and Mike Show,  Feb 7 1990 King whisked away to fed psychiatric facility, to not embarrass Bush administration, or ask him for help.  Webb sister sexually exploited in Texas, Southfork, Bonacci at Southfork to provide sexual favors, DeCamp witnessed, backroom, Brazilian legation to the OAS, King contact Craig Spence, call boy ring, Spence night time tours of White House, Donald Gregg, CIA blackmail ops, Dream Boys, Man to Man,  Bodies by God.  Spence suicide said linked to Iran-Contra, World Herald said some Franklin money went to Contras.  James Allen Flannery, WH,  Stitt: CIA, FBI, homosexual financing, not Contras, S&L CIA financing of covert ops, Congress found out in investigation of failed S&L's, Houston Post, Pete Brewton, Amazon books 'The Mafia, CIA and George Bush', Silverado Savings & Loan, Neil Bush sat on board, allege dealt with Larry King, Oliver North, Tom Harvey, Mary Jane Harvey, Jamaica, Switzerland, Spain, Citizens for America, King bring North to Nebraska, CFA, David Carmen, Hugel, smoking was one of his trademarks, Council for Minority Americans, CIA, King sought ambassadorial appointment, Jamaica, Iran-Contra activities, North, multiple secret bank accounts, Credit Suisse, National Endowment for Democracy, Violeta Chamorro, You're Have a Heart Attack, Nicaragua elections, George Bush at King's party, 'people have been dying', World Herald discredits story, Nelly Patterson Webb, 1986, told Julie Walters, Washington, Chicago, Brent, Brandt Thomas - Boystown resident who moved in with LK, Bush, Chicago party, Brandt, Sorenon told Vlahoulis that both Kimberly and Nelly brought up the name of George Bush and indicated that they had both met him. Ronald Roskens, Roskins, AID, fired as chancellor of UofN (sexual activities), King member of 'chancellor's advisory committee', Bush letter of praise, Harold Andersen, Hill & Knowlton and Harold Andersen, Robert Keith Gray, CEO, Reagan campaign, expert CIA homosexual blackmail ops.  221
  • BushBlowJob "WASHINGTON -- Photographer Russell E. "Rusty" Nelson was recently arrested two days after journalist Hunter Thompson reportedly committed suicide four weeks ago on February 10, according to two phone interviews with attorney John DeCamp last week.  Nelson was allegedly employed by a former Republican Party activist to take pictures of current or retired U.S. House-Senate members and other prominent government officials engaging in sexual criminality by receiving or committing sodomy and other sex acts on children during the Reagan-Bush 41 administrations.  Hunter Thompson’s death and the news blackout of Rusty Nelson’s simultaneous arrest raise questions that someone may be attempting to limit Nelson’s freedom or threaten him, since according to testimony, both men had allegedly witnessed homosexual prostitution and pedophile criminal acts in a suppressed but far-reaching child sex-ring probe closely linked to Senate and House members--but also former President George H. W. Bush.
  • Catholic priest previously convicted of child molestation has pleaded guilty to sexually abusing two teenage brothers in the 1990s.  Louis Rogge, 76, of Joliet pleaded guilty Thursday to two counts of aggravated criminal sexual abuse.
  • Yahoo  Police smashed a global Internet pedophile ring, rescuing 31 children and rounding up more than 700 suspects worldwide ... Some 200 suspects are based in Britain, the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Center said. The ring was traced to an Internet chat room called "Kids the Light of Our Lives" that featured images of children being subjected to horrific sexual abuse.  The investigation involves agencies from 35 countries and lasted 10 months.  The host of the Web site, Timothy David Martyn Cox, 27, of Buxhall, who used the online identity "Son of God," admitted to nine counts of possessing and distributing indecent images, authorities said
  • Nebraska sodomy laws: Protection... from the sexual depravity of moral perverts is as essential as the protection of human life from the homicidal tendency of assassins.  Common Law of England, sodomy a capital offense, life imprisonment, but... fellatio not a crime against nature, and did not violate sodomy law.  Carnal copulation prohibited, but law didn't cover cunninlingus, needed 'fixing'.   
Interactive 9/11, JFK & Holocaust Spreadsheet

Google Custom Search Engine ... Link 9/11 Truth, JFK assassination, Holocaust hoax & ISIS ...... home

No main stream media sites including Wikipedia are searched on this custom search page .... only websites dedicated to exposing the truth about 9/11, JFK assassination and the Holocaust hoax. This may include 'gatekeeper' sites such as 911Truth.org, Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth.org, Chomsky etc....by 'gatekeeper' we mean websites who never mention Israel, UK or Saudi Arabia as complicit in the 'inside job' attack. The roots of 9/11 go back to the Jewish Bolshevik revolution, Zionist/Nazi Germany (chronology below), the Holocaust hoax (treachery to spur emigration to Palestine) ... Google restricts results to 10 pages (100 items)

MS Excel Sort & Filter 2000 rows, 12 columns

Yes to 'no planes', Israel nuked the WTC, the Holocaust(timeline below) is a hoax, the Mossad / LBJ assassinated John Kennedy & ISIS=Hitler.

Interactive Spreadsheet - 9/11 Truth, JFK assassination, Holocaust revision & ISIS

 

Nazi Era Timeline

 

Back  and PDF file


free hit counter javascript   

 

Google Analytics