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9/11 Truth, JFK assassination, Holocaust revision & ISIS interactive spreadsheet

9/11, JFK, Holocaust ISIS Timeline

 
source: IRMEP ... Breitbart

 

Administration Declassifies Top-Secret Doc That Reveals Israel’s Nuclear Secrets

 

The Pentagon has declassified a document that was once labeled “top-secret,” which goes into sophisticated detail about Israel’s nuclear weapons program. The document was released quietly just prior to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s March 3 speech to a joint session of Congress.

The 386-page top-secret memo, titled, “Critical Technological Assessment in Israel and NATO Nations,” goes into great detail about how Israel turned into a nuclear power in the 1970s and 80s.

The report was written by the Institute for Defense Analysis in 1987, which was federally funded and contracted by the Pentagon.

 

Smith’s Institute for Research: Middle Eastern Policy (IRMEP) organizes an anti-Israel conference each year in Washington, D.C. Last year, the conference featured speakers from anti-Semitic and pro-Islamist publications. During the Q & A session, a speaker openly called for education about the supposed “Zionist-Nazi collaboration” during the Holocaust, while another endorsed the possibility that “Israel had a hand in 9/11.”

 

9-11

 

 
CRITICAL TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
IN ISRAEL AND NATO NATIONS


Edwin S. Townsley, IDA
Project Director
Clarence A. Robinson, LTI
Team Leader
April 1987
Prepared for
Office of the Under Secretary of Defense
(International Programs and Technology)
INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES
180 IN. Beauregard Street, Alexandria, Virginia 223 i I
Copyright IDA/Scanned June 2007
IDA Log No. HQ 87-32;56

Further dissemination only as directed by OUSDA/IP&T The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-3070; 15 July 1987, or higher
authority.
Further dissemination only as directed by OUSDA/IP&T The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-3070; 15 July 1987, or higher
authority.
DEFINITIONS
IDA publishes the following documenta to report the resulta of Ita wol1l.
Reports
Reports are the most authorttatlve and moat carefully considered producla IDA publishes.
TIley normally embody resulta 01 major projecla which (a) have a direct baartng on daclslons
aRectlng major progrems, or (b) address Issues of significant concern to the executive
Brench, the Congress and/or the public, or (c) address Issues that han slgnlflcantaconomlc
Implications. IDA Reports are reviewed by omlde panels of experts to ansure their high
quality and relevance to tha problems studied, and they are released by the President of IDA.
Papers
Papers normally address relatively reatrtcted tachnlcal or policy Issues. TIley communicate
the resulta of special analyses, Intertm reports or phasas of a taall, ad hoc or quick reaction
wol1l. Papers are mlewed to ensure thatthay meet atandards similar to thosa expectad of
refereed papers In professional Journals.
Memorandum Reports
IDA Memorendum Reports are used for the convenience of the sponsors or the analysts to
record subatantlve wol1l done In quick reaction studies and major Interectlva tachnlcalsupport
aellvilles; to make available preliminary and tentatln resulta of analyses or of wol1llng
group and panel actlvllJes; to forward Information that Is 8ss.entlally unanalyzed and uneval·
uated; or to make a record of conferences, meetings, or brtellngs, or of data developed In
the course of an Investigation. Revlaw 01 Memorendum Reports Is sulled to their contant
and Intended use.
TIle resulta of IDA wol1l are also conveyad by brtallngs and Informal memorenda to sponsors
and others designated by the sponsors, when appropriate.
TIle wol1l reported In this document was conducted under contract MDA 903 84 C0031 for
the Department of Oefensa. TIle publication of this IDA Memorendum Report does not Indicate
endorsemant by the Department of Defanse, nor should tha contenta ba construad as rallectlng
tha oRlclaf posllJon of that agency.
TIlls Memorendum Report Is published In .order to make available the material II contains
for the use and convenience of Intereated parties. TIle matertal has not necassarlly been
completely evaluated and analyzed, nor subjected to IDA review.
Further dissemination only as directed by OUSDAIlPaT, The Pentagon, Washington, DC
20301·3070; 15 July 1987, or higher authortty.

 

 

 

Further dissemination only as directed by OUSDA/IP&T The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-3070; 15 July 1987, or higher
authority.
Further dissemination only as directed by OUSDA/IP&T The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-3070; 15 July 1987, or higher
authority.
UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
1•• REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICAlloN lb. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS
UNCLASSIFIED
2.. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF REPORT
Further dissemination only as directed by OUSDAIIP&T
2b. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-3070; 15 July
1987, or higher authority.
4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER (S)
IDA Memorandum Report M-317
6•• NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION lb. OFFICE SYMBOL 7.. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION
Institute for Defense Analyses (II .ppllc.ble) DoD-IDA Management Office, OUSDRE
6c. ADDRESS (City, SI••, and Zip Code) 7b. ADDRESS (CITY, STATE, AND ZIP CODE)
1801 N. Beauregard Street 1801 N. Beauregard Street
Alexandria, VA 22311 Alexandria, VA 22311
Sa. NAME OF FUNDINGISPOHSORING ab. OFFICE SYMBOL •• PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER ORGANIZATION (II .ppllc.ble)
OUSD/IP&T MDA 903 84 C 0031
&C. ADDRESS (City, _, and ZIp e-) 10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMSERS
Room 3E1082 PROGRAM PROJECT TASK NO. ACCESSION NO.
The Pentagon ELEMENT NO. WORK UNIT
Washington, DC 20301-3070 T-1-102
11. TITLE (Include Secu,lty C....IIIc.Uon)
Critical Technology Assessment in Israel and NATO Nations
12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S).
Edwin S. Townsley, Project Director
13. TYPE OF REPORT r3b. TIME COVERED I 14. DATE OF REPORT (y..." Month, D.y) I15. PAGE COUNT
Final FROM 10/85 TO 5/86 April 1987 397
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION
17. COSATI CODES 18. SUSJECT TERMS (Continue on ,..ver_ If n.......,y and Identlly by block number)
FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP Electronic surveillance, target acquisition, radar, electronic warfare, battle
management, command, control and communications, Armor and anti-armor,
sensors, Optics, Tactical Munitions, Anti-theatre ballistic missiles, Directed
Energy Weapons, Kinetic energy weapons, NATO conventional defense,
: nAfAn"'A Initi:ltivA
18. ABSTRACT (Contln.. on ....,er_ If .........,y and IdonUly by block number)
This report describes the technological details of basic research and development program thrusts In Israel, Italy, Franoe, Wast Germany, and the United Kingdom
with possible applications lD U.S. Defense Department programs,both Iactical and strategic. Technology assessments In this report are basad on visits by a team 01
physldsts and angl~lD the rasaarch laborelDrIes, produclion plants, and testladlities 01 52 companies on a schedule of 28 days. The report provides a
comprehensive aitlcal assessment 01 technologies relevantlD the new North AlIanticTreaty Organization (NATO) initiatives, Nunn Amendment programs and
Strategic Defense Inltiativa (SOl) Organization programs. It covers technology lace18 01 a1i1ed programs and seeks lD provide a banchll\8ri( against similar kinds of
technology already In development in U.S. Industry and govemmentlaboralDrles. The taam generally oriented Its inquiries lD the following areas of Interest
• ElecIronics, including survellianca, target acquisition, radar, electronic warlare. ballla management, and command, control and communications.
• Armor and anti-armor.
· sensors.
· Optics.
• TaclicaJ Munitions.
• Anli-lheatra ballistic missiles.
· Directed and Kinetic energy weapons technologies.
The report does not eddrat18 policy IssUll8 or PIOblems arising from technology transfer, 88Q,Irity and SOl allied partldpation.
20. DISTRISUTION/AVAILASILITY OF ASSTRACT 21. ABSTRACT SECURITY CLABSIFICATION
0 UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED lID SAME AS RPT. 0 OTIC USERS UNCLASSIFIED
22.. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 22b. TELEPHONE (Include Are. Code) rc, OFFICE SYMBOL
Edwin S. Townsley (703) 578-2752
DD FORM 147:1. 84 lIAR 83 APR 1Id1t1on may be ualId until ••haua.d. All oth.- edltlona .,. obaolota SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE
UNCLASSIFIED

Further dissemination only as directed by OUSDA/IP&T The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-3070; 15 July 1987, or higher
authority.
Further dissemination only as directed by OUSDA/IP&T The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-3070; 15 July 1987, or higher
authority.
"
I
I
:i
i
I
IDA MEMORANDUM REPORT M-317
CRITICAL TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
IN ISRAEL AND NATO NATIONS
Edwin S. Townsley, IDA
Project Director
Clarence A. Robinson, LTI
Team Leader
April 1987
IDA
INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES
Contract MDA 903 84 C 0031
Task T-l-102

 

Further dissemination only as directed by OUSDA/IP&T The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-3070; 15 July 1987, or higher
authority.
Further dissemination only as directed by OUSDA/IP&T The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-3070; 15 July 1987, or higher
authority.
FOREWORD
IDA was asked by the sponsor to undertake the leadership for a task to assess in various
countries the state of the technology base of potential use in military weapons systems. This
report is submitted in fulfillmentrof that request.
The draft of this report was prepared for IDA by:
Leading Technologies Incorporated
1611 North Kent Street
Arlington, Virginia 22209
This report presents the findings of a team of experts assembled under the leadership of
Oarence A. Robinson, Jr., President, LTI. They include:
Supriya Chakrabarti, Ph.D., Senior Fellow and Principal Investigator, Space Sciences
Laboratory, Berkeley
Wayne P. Gagner, President, S&W Associates
Kenneth Jordan, Ph.D., Vice President/Chief Scientist, SAIC
R. Norris Keeler, Ph.D., Consultant.
Based on the guidance of the sponsor, the team of experts visited, at times with IDA
representation, selected companies and laboratories in Israel and Europe to evaluate their
technology base. The United States Embassies in each country were notified by the
Department of Defense of the visits and that the visits would on an informal and unclassified
basis. While the embassies were not asked to provide assistance, nonetheless they did provide
assistance in varying degrees. Their assistance is appreciated.
At each company or laboratory, the team briefed the attendees on the purpose of the
discussions and provided a nondisclosure agreement stating that the information received was
for U.S. Government use only and would not be disclosed to U.S. industry or others.
Therefore, to assist in the distribution of this report, the material has been screened by LTI
to exclude company proprietary information. The excluded material is available to U.S.
Government users through the sponsor.
The draft report was originally prepared as a briefing document and used in a series of
briefings presented by the team to various offices and agencies of DoD. Subsequent to the
submission of the briefing document to the sponsor, IDA and LTI revised the document to put
it into the more conventional format herein.
iii
Further dlSSel'11l0Dbon ool~ 811 drrocloo b~ OUSONlP&TThe Penlngoo WashIngton DC 20301-3070 15 JulY 19117 Of hll)tlel
autoonty
CRTIlCAL lECHNOWGY ASSESSMENT
FOR ISRAEL AND NATO NATIONS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION I: Introduction
A.
B-
C.
D.
SECTION II:
Purpose ofThis Report
&ope . . . . . .
Charter and Objectives
Technology Project Assessment Categories.
,1·1
1-1
!·7 " 'f:7
Science and Technology·The U.s. and Europe
SECTION m: Israel
A. Overall Assessment . . . . . .
B. Conventional Technology Assessment
C SOl-Related Technology .
D. SOREQ .
E. EI·Op.......
-F. Israeli Aircraft Industries.
G. ELTA .
H. Elisra.......
L Hebrew University ofJerusalem
I. Rafael.......
K. Elbit.......
L Israeli Military Industries.
M. Tadira.......
SECTION IV: Italy

'.
11·\
m·!
,m·!
m·2
m·4
· m·16
· m·28
· m·30
· m·32
· m·34
· m·38
, m·46
· m·54
· m·57
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H-
L
J.
K.
1.
M.
N.
v
FurtherdlSSe(TlTnDGon ool~ as drrocled b~ OUSONlP&TTht> Pentagon, Waslllnglon, DC 2030 1--3070, 15 July 1987, or hlghal
autnority
Further dlSsemlOobon onl~ as drrOCled by OUSONlP&TTt"" Pentrtgoo Washing!oo DC 20301-3070 15 JulY 19117. or hll)hel
aUlhonty
SECrION V: Fran<c
A.
R
C
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
SECTION VI: West Germany
A.
R
C
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
L
J.
K.
L
SECTION Vll: Other NATO Countries
A.
R
C
ATTACHMENTS:
I.
n.
llL
IV.
V.
VI.
Vll.
vrn.
IX.
X.
XL
Xll.
Introduction
Lead Azide Laser • Negev
E1ectro·Thermal Acceleration· SOREQ
HgZnTe IR Detectors· SOREQ
EI·Op
A. Gelatin Holographic Optical Element
R High Power Sealed CO2 Laser
Wigglerless Kinetics· Hebrew University
Excimer Kinetics· Hebrew University, Racah Institute
f"asma Detectors· Rafael
Software Logic· Rafael and Otbers
Computer Vision· EJbit
Electronic Warfare
SIGINT - Octopus
vi
, Furthr:r drssefllrnobon only as drrected by OUSONlP&TTht> Pentagon, Washlflglon. DC 2030 1-3070, 15 July 1087, or hlghel
autrlonty
Further drssemlOllhon only 85 directed by OUSONlP&TThe Penl<'lgOIl, Wastunglon DC 20301-3070 15 July 1987, or hlgh~1
authonty
XlII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVDI.
XIX.
xx.
XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
xxv.
XXVI.
XXVIll.
XXIx.
xxx.
XXXI.
xxxn.
XXXlIJ.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
xx.xvrn.
XXXix.
XL
XLI.
Tadiran
A. EY/IDF and Emitter Location
B. c'I
C. EW. COMlNT. COMJAM and ELINT
Lavi Electronics· Elta
Airborne SIGINT
vii
FurtherdrssemTnlllloo only 85 drrocted by OUSONlP&TThe Pentagon, Wastungton, DC 2030 1-3070, 15 July 1987, or hlghel
aulhonty

 

 

 

Further dissemination only as directed by OUSDA/IP&T The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-3070; 15 July 1987, or higher
authority.
Further dissemination only as directed by OUSDA/IP&T The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-3070; 15 July 1987, or higher
authority.
SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
A. PURPOSE OF TIllS REPORT
This report describes in scientific terms the technological details of basic research and
development program thrusts in Israel and selected European allied nations with possible
applications to U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) programs, both tactical and strategic. The
report is organized to provide a comprehensive critical assessment of technologies relevant to
the new North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) initiatives, Nunn Amendment programs and
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Organization (SDIO) programs.
The report avoids an analysis of policy issues and problems arlsmg from technology
transfer, security and SDI allied participation. It concentrates instead only on technology
facets of allied programs and seeks to provide a benchmark against similar kinds of technology
already in development in U.S. industry and government laboratories.
Technology assessments covered in this report are based on visits by a team of physicists
and engineers to the research laboratories, production plants, and test facilities of 52
companies. The report encompasses data from technology assessments based on a schedule of
28 days available for the survey. This schedule was structured to provide a technological
overview and to obtain data to enable identification of efforts that should be further
investigated in detail for support by joint U.S.-Allied developmental programs.
This report highlights technologies that could materially aid the DOD in drawing together
the alliance in joint programs to provide synergism from technologies on both sides of the
Atlantic.
B. SCOPE
Assessment and analyses in the technology report are divided into the two tasks that are
identified in the modified contract for this study. The first task calls for identification and
assessments of those technologies in Israel that are r~levant to the spectrum of SDIO
programs, with possible spinoffs of those technologies for tactical developments.
A second task in the study is to assess and analyze the technological contributions that
each of six nations--West Germany, France, The United Kingdom, Italy, The Netherlands and
Denmark--eould make in joint research and development programs in concert with NATO
efforts. Visits to these latter two countries were not part of the study contract; however,
several visits were made to investigate unique "targets of opportunity."
The team visits in each of the nations involved were structured to interface with
engineers and scientists, not marketing or management personnel. Emphasis also was placed
on visits to industry, with some laboratory exploration. Visits to national laboratories were
generally as a" result of personal contacts by team members with laboratory physicists. Such
visits were usually scheduled after working hours and on weekends.
(See Attachment XL, European Laboratory Technology Assessment.)
Technology tends to be generic in nature with the application often across a broad
spectrum of programs. In approaching the assessment, team members were instructed to orient
visitors so as to obtain first-hand data from observing th~ technology and through visits to
those directly involved in developmental effort. Each team member was instructed to avoid
asking for SDIO-related technology data in the European nations, relying instead on possible
I-I
FllIlher drssemll'l!1tI0n only a!> dlfflr..mcllly 01 rsOMP&T fI\lOI Pentagon Ylastllf\OlDo, DC 2:03Cl1.'VI70, l!i J1llv 1991. or hiljhor
duUUII'IIV
tactical programs. but keeping in mind SOlO spinoffs. The reverse was the case in Israel,
where the team sought to avoid tactical programs., unless there were spinoff's that could be
SOlO-related.
None of the nations visited is proficient in all of the technological areas investigated.
But some nations have demonstrated capabilities in many areas of technology that team
members found surprising in scope and depth. Even more surprising was the rapid rate at
which technology is advancing among the allies, in some areas faster than progress in the US.
In assessing the allied technologies, the team generally oriented its inquiries along four
areas of investigation:
o Surveillance. radar, and command, control and communications
o Armor/Anti-armor technology
o Directed energy weapons
o Sensor technology.
Developmental efforts were discovered in most of the nations that related directly to
technologies, products. architectures, integtation, operations and joint programs for theater
ballistic and cruise missile defense, air defense programs and conventional defense initiatives.
Interaction between European nations and industry in ,development consortia was obvious
throughout the assessment. In general, allies act together i.R developing military systems, both
within Europe and in interfaces with Israel. Sharing t~e development funding load is a
prerequisite in almost every major weapon system development, as is subsystem development
where nations and companies excel in specific areas of technology.
The on-site assessment accomplished by the team members is contained in this report. It
includes:
o Surveillance. radar. and command, control and communications
Israel. There is a totally integrated effort in systems development throughout
the nation. Electronic combat is an integrated system, not separated systems
for the Army, Navy and Air Force. This includes from design phase electronic
countermeasures, electronic intelligence (SIGINT/COMINT) and radar systems.
Programs where important technology was identified include Elbit's
programmable signal processing with VSLI as the basis for all development, and
integration of surface acoustic wave devi,ces with hybrid VSLI for signal
processing at RF. Command. control and communications technologies are
unique in Israel in terms of pace and integration of components into systems.
The technology is in some instances more advanced than in the U.S. An
example may be found in tactical spread spectrum systems that are not yet
operational within our DOD but are already fielded in Israel. All levels of
electronic warfare provide secure communic~uions with developmental programs
at companies such as Tadiran in HF. VHF, and UHF providing secure
operations for all levels-·ship, aircraft. tactical forces on the ground, and
communications centers.
1·2
FUlIl1er drsool1l!MUOfl only~., dll1lO'OO oy OVSONI~T fll6 Putjta!P1 Vlasl1lngmo, DC 20301.J07Q, 15 July 19111, or tug""
autrUlIv
FurtherdissemlOalloo only as directed by OUSDNIP&T The Pent~, Washington, DC 20301-3070; 15July 1987, or higher
authority
1·3
Furtherdlssermnaoon only as directed by OUSDNIP&T The Pentagon, Washlngtcin DC 20301-3070; 15 July 1987, or higher
authonty
1=lJf1l1erdlssalJllllohon only os directed by OUSDNIP&T The Pentagon, WashlngtDn, DC 20301-3070; 15 July 1987, or higher
aultmnty
. ,
o Armor/Anti-arrnorTechnology
Israel. SOREQ is developing electron beam discharge plasmas to accelerate
projectiles to hypeJVelocity using existing guns. This research should enable
scaling to larger caliber projectiles at velocities of 2 km/sec., and is known as
electro-tl1ermal technology. Dr, Kaplan is conducting the research in this
project. Rafael is developing and deploying reactive armor and pursuing more
effective shaped charge designs to penetrate annar. There is close
collaboration with MBB in West Germany, where tests have been conducted on
captured Soviet-built armor. A sliding sabot annor penetrator also is being
developed that increases operational effectiveness through very clever
engineering.
Israel Military Industries is developing a ramjet propelled anti-tank missile, and
is conducting research in several programs that could relate directly to SOlO
kinetic kill vehicle weapons. Another concept in Israel is called Porcupine
which disrupts penetrators and shaped charge implosion. ISrael is the largest
exporter of kinetic energy weapons in the Western world.' Rafael also has
developed a new self-forging tank penetrator.
r-4
FurtoerlllSSermnotlOn only os 6Jrecteo l1y OUSDNIP&T The Pentagon, Wnstllngton DC 2030 1-3070; 15 JIIly t907, orl1rghtll
llUthooty
Furthe! dissemlnlllion only as dtreetOO by OUSDNlP&T The Penl3gon, Washltlgtnn, DC 20301-3070; 15 July 1967, orhlghsf
aulhonty
o Directed Energy Weapons
Israel's Negev Institute lead azide short wavelength lasers are being developed
for space-based communK:alions to submerged submarin~ for bellringer
applications. lbe I~~ operates at 462 nanometers, and couM be deployed to
from an F-15 "fighter siplilar to the USA.F. anti-satellite mfniature homing
device.
Hebrew University has a .concept and has conducted some studies on
wigglerless FEL Excimer laser research also is being camed out with a
variety of applications including chemical kinetics in reactions in the excimtr
medium, El-Op is conducting research with high~powered carbon dioxide lasers
that are sealed off. and developing laser radar tactical weapons ',;;,ith an
increase i~ waJlplug efficiency of a factor of two.. . .
1-5
Further dissemination only as directed by OUSDNlP&T The Pentagon, WastlltlglOn, DC 20301 -3070; 15 JUly 1967 orhlghBf
oultlonly
Furthe! dissemlJ18!Jon only IlS dttocted by OUSDNlP&T The Pen!3gon, Woshltlgtnn, DC 203Ot-3070; 15 JUly 1967, orhogher
lllllhonty
o Mirrors. (See Attachment XU.
o Sensor technologies
Israel. Work. is in progress by Soreq with a new compound. MZT at 3·5 or 8·
12 mkrons for increased reliability. sensitivity and shelf life. Another infrared
technology development is Mercury Cadmium Telluride up to lo-in. diameter.
Plasma detector work is being done by Rafael to develop radiation hardened
arrays against microwave radiation. EI-Op is developing visual optics for night
vision and unaided visual optics. Tadiran is working on an area of passive
radar to detect and classify a single pulse signal.
1·6
Further dissemination onlyllS directed by OUSDNlP&T TOe Pefllagon. WastlltlglOn, DC 20301-3070; 15 JUly 1967 orhoghef
Ollltlonly
c. CHARTER AND OBJEcnVES
Du.riq the period that this wort was in the pbnn;"1 Slasc, ~ra1 ch'''ges were made
ill the scope of 'A'Ork aDd objedi"CS to be met. Delays in eatJ')'ina out the wort were, (or
the m05t put, due to two reasoos.:
The oripal sdw:dule would im'e required UIC faa flDdiq: trip' to be doGe duriDc
the wac tilDe period as tbe GCDe\'a Summit talks. 1bete... 50CDC CODCena tbal
tile 001"""" of tile ....... ,.;p alIccl tile Icope of work, ucI Ihoc tile ......-
of the team ill Ewope dwiac the talks micbt be subject to misUDdentaDdi.Dc aDd
prcs.s elploiulklIl. The:tcforc the tripI to Europe &ad Israd. were de1Iyed. SCYCrai
......w.
The oriPW scope iaducIed Japua. Howncr, tbcte were ddaJl ia
sdacdWioa • YWt to Japu to the poi.c: IUt the requir~ to iDdlMle Japu. ..
<b-opped.
As • RIllIl tile foul Icope ucI .... aIiPdl' diIf..... I... "'ad ucI Ewope.
While iD bodI cues. the (tala was to be alert to &Ill)' mililarily rdevut t~ ill wIlidI
our aDicf nhibiced WOOl capebilicies, the cmph'Sjs ill Israel OIl lIacatre .....ic miuiIe
clef.... ucI by cal...... SOl, ucI tile ..pIwis .. E -..w.e NATO
dele.... NATO UWalMs, ucI..-ilIe N...Am<nd__alM d1-.
n. ...nO objcctiYe& _e to *'dy potea<ial .... of u.bIrial _ ucI
joUlt researdl aad to IIIIallile .minpe.. to cooperale.
II sboWd be DOled that, willi the lea. .wt.iDI 52 dift'ereat cwpaizati,tw. iD Ii\te
cOWIlries ill ODe (our-week period.. the teua ... DOt IbIe to 10 iDlo full deptk 011 aD items.
Therefore tbe recomllleDdatioDS are for further apIoralioa 01 SpecifIC cooperllliYe
opportWlitie& ideDlird.
O. ASSESSMENT CATEGORIES APPUCABLE TO All.1l!CHNOLOGlES ASSESSED:
CATEGORY I
CATEGORY"
o Oa ....,.;0. tile ..-01-Il1o-.... aood ....... lodusoIoIY.
CATEGORY pIA
CAIEGORYIUB
1M nahaItioe ud wip 01 I~ to .. M'.S-. CIt.., by 1M tCUI.
.... -.. ......, upoo I"O'ide4 by tile ..... ~';"- 1loo
au. cId aot "e FC Ie I wriic:Icioe ol dae WoraatioII ~ccI. DIta cited MIll
fiprea pretelUd • dae report are • ra by tIae ...no. ~eL 'I'k Ittner If' to
report are .c~ "CrIioM of _onutioa the teat c:oI*ced. TIler Ute boea selected
1-7
I -
ud ore ;'iod1...udodldod .. be... repracolalho ol ... _ .......... to _ IcduM>IoPe& .......d
.. CaI~J.
1-3
SEC110Nm
ISRAEL
A. OVERAlL ASSESSMEIIT FOR ISRAEL
o Military teehnoIoI.Y driven by Israel's peaJljar thrcat and economk situation
T&ticaI orientation to molt efforts with the possible accption of anti-tactical
ballistic. miw'Jes requirUw "stu." apprOKhcs
Tcc.hnoIocY bated on CItrJpolations of U.s. equipment and ideas
De'Ydopments oricnCcd toward particular threats
Good _ but _orr upabilitics ...aIc (with • few a __) as ...11
aswupons codes
o Asarault
Much Israeli fielded dedronic warfare and conununiutions equipment ahead of
U.s. fielded .qu"""
Slratqic DcfcnIc Initialiw: uacfuI '_DIY io • fallout from their to<ticaJ
efforu
o Israeli industry coordinalcd with the Ministry of[)creMe
Avoids duplation of efforts
Transfer ollhreat data and doctrine to all required c:ompanies
E.Itensive we of reserve miJitlJ')' as desip cngineen and operational analysis
B. ISRAEU CONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMEIIT
o First dbcoveTy of "active" armor (with MBB of Germany)
o Stri1cin& IlICCeUCS in protectinc Jsrldl arr.'lOfed whktes Iph. shlpe:d charJes
o Prldical orientation
o Oriented to present threat
o Quict to adapt con«pts for praetical ...
o Exelknt inteUilenee on futuR systems
o Continuous UWadinl (in tests) ollsracli """"" chutes
m·1
2. COmmand, Control. COmmunications and Intelliatnce and Electronic Combat
Overview.
I. Sumoillance Acquisldon 1'n<Jdni and KlIJ Astessmenl OYorvieW
o Uttle or no OYeralJ _ms capobUity bul some Innovatlve _ on opeclfic:
"'men" which could be slpillcanl
Israel hu some capabiJiry in YUlnerabiJiry and lethllily studies. 1bete are oriented to
tactical rather than strategic systems. They wort with MBB and other European defense
contracton in their procurement of shaped charles. penetraton and active armor. The final
des!ans of annor and munitions are hJehIY sensitiVe. ofcourse.
=
--
m·2
New. harder more reliable materillsfor lnfrared aenson
Hard microwave or millimeterwm imaaina ItrIY using plasma detectors
Tunable lead sail Jaoen for heterodyne dete<tion
G Some SOlJPPIicabIe 1echnoI0IY u fallout from taetic.al. efforts
AdapiM:, intelU&enl Imaae proee>lllll le<hnlquea for 1....1 traelciJla and
fe.ture detection
FleaJble, fas~ PI""ammableliplal PI_r
2. Battle Manacemenl/Command, Control and Communleation'
o R...U<hon r!IOrous_ method
o Airborne and IUrfIc:c systems provide ICalrate direction and identification
wilhin I cIeIree direction ofanMII (15 • 30 MHz HF band)
o Systems are pre..........d for ECCM capobUity and are compa.1>Ie with Us.
DOD airborne and IIfOUJld standatds (i.e:, 17SOA. ISS3 DATA BUS)
o A tun spectrum of statc..af-lhe·art communications equipment is available
Includl,. dllftal, secure, frequency hopped, adaptive high frequency, and
theater nodal networks With combined graphics or imagery. data. and voice
o COmponents and subsystems utilize high technology including
2 u 112.000 pte vel)' tarae intqrated circuit
"'" prosnmmable slanal pl'OCWOn
state-of-tbe·1J1 swface acoustic wave devices wed u filters. delay lines.
and COI1VOI>en
o Some systemS are fonn-fit impl'O'Vetnents on Us. equipment
o Eteenent fundamental and 'WIled software raearclt
o Most capUIe.lowest COlt intnred detectors
o Unique. standard arthitecture 1Cr0lS Israeli industry of signal Pl't1'roeessinB at
radio frequency wine SAW _
C ISRAELI SDI·RE!.AlED lECHNOLOGY


State chart formalism for seneration ofspedfiutions
Correctness usina formal methods of mathematical logic
o Continual upgrade ofsystems to provide fast rcxtion indication and warning
Tri-modes of: threat indication. carrier weapon detection. and point
deleme
ExtensiYe EW. and force mUltiplier capabilitiesin lacta and equipment
3. Directed EneraY Weapons Overview
o &ceUcnt pulsed po'ifI'er. power conditioninCd'Cort
o InnoYItive FEL etrott
o Calculations for nuclear pumped X-ray laser
Not as thorough as Uwrcncc Livermore National Laboratory
I..att ofradiation·hydrocapability and nudear pumping limits project
o Vulntnlbilily,lclhaJjly capabilily
o Detonation pumped laser (PbN3) CIIcuIations
o Ncutr>l: I!-l>wn not pursued
o Good analytic capabilily
o Point dcfc:Ne • tactical applications
The Israeli pulsed power and power conditionina is limited in scope to luer. cyclotron
maers. and rdatMstic electron beIm applic:.ations. Althouah the current scope is nlJ'l"OW, the:
pulsed power work is first rale. Pulse power also constitutel a technology bue for rd guns.
charged or neutral partide beamsIhou1d Israel choose to conduct work in these prosrams.
There are • number of intereatinl Free EJectron Luer concepts being initiated in Israel.
One of the more promisinc is the IO<aILed -wtgIerlCil" FEL, providina: for a weicht and cost
reduction. This idu would eliminate a JUbltlntial metallk: component of the FEL, providinl
for a weiJht and cost reduc:tion. The unanswered question b whether the laser can lCa!e to
hJlher currents.
The Istldl A1!C (Dfmolllllleer SIleYa) Is ICtMly punuina • number Dr x-ray 1_
options. The nuclear pumped X-rq laser runs in parallel wtth radiation transport code
development, but the USDOE X-ny luer Protnm is more Idvanced. SeYer.. other promisina:
ideas are also beqpursued. incIudu. coherent radiation from thanndcd e-bcamsin crystals.
One of the more intcrestinl later projects is the proposli to buikt a tbemicaI laser (in
the viaibte) operatinc from detonation products. There are tubstanrial ditliculties with the
practicol realzalion 01 thIa ideI, bu' W h could be done, boCh ",.tqic and ,ac_
implications would be enormous.
4. Klnetlc 1!neJI,Y W........
o Dcvdaped as fallout ofantHant raearch efforb
o UrF larelp ..... martel
ro·3
I
D, SOREQ
-
The SORBO and the DimonalBeer Sma facilities are the equivalent of our Los Alamos.
Lzwrence LiYermore and Oat Ridae National Laboratories. The SOREQ center runs the full
nuclear pmut of activities from engineering. administration and non-destructive testing to
electro-optics. pulsed power, prOCCS$ er$neerUw and chemistry and nuck:ar rnearch and
wfeCy. This is the technolou ba1e r~ired for weapons design and fabrication. The
facility opcrillCS an extensive contract rc:xarth and development program. with contracts let
to Kientifie services. prototype and amaIl K.IIc production.
SOREQ is 1oI1owin1 much of the technoIOIlY which has been dcvc:lop<d at Oal: Ridao.
lJvennore, and 1.01 Alamo&. This abo inclUdes the \IX of Iaxn. pioneered in the U.s. to
inYestipte the properties of radiltiYe shock fronts. ana&oaous to those which occur in nuclear
explosive detonation. There is abo atensiYe work. bc:q carried out in basic materials
preparation; components and devices and pubed power to e-beams and hiBh energy lasers.
Radiation tcdlnolotlY irM>lYos "'" of nash X·roy radi<ltlnPhy applied to destructiYo testing.
This is required to diagnose the prosress of the implosion of JUdear aplosiYes. A1so there is
an erlort in diagnosis of radiation ctfects on biokJIicaI systems. includinl pcrsonne!. radiation
safety and the appIation of traneers. CUrrent density technologies are also aploited here.
IS is radiation chc:mistJywhictl is coneuned with thepr~otvarious nuclear fuels.
The apobiily of SOREQ to support smo and nuclear tedlllolClllies is almost an aact
paraJlel of .he apobilily =tIy aistiJw at our National Uboratories. They or. ,tudyins
new opticlll radiation ImSOI'S, hardenin& of composite malerials. and have proposed a I.nnbel
of X-ray laser schemes whid:I can be either conventkJnally or nuclear pumped. , They are
srudyina d...... mechanisms coupIq spallation and fragmen.arion: .... a"""'Pheric detection
and the effects of turbulence. radiation propapOon lhrouah plasmas. ion IOUR:CS and optics
for directed cnerJY weapons. and dqradation of detector and electronic performance: in the:
nuckar IINU environment. They use the same types of LaplU'llian hydrodynamic <:odes using
dastic-plasric deformation as are used by the: Department of Dekme and the Department of
Enet¥Y. 1bete. of coune, find utility in studying the: implosion of nuclear daices as well as
,tudyina spallation.
Their high explosive: and 1a5C'r worken have some interestin& ideas in using detonation
products as a source of excited 3pCCies for lasing. One very attractive proposal is the we 01
lead azide to produce inversions in detonation produced lead atoms. This Idea is a first of its
kind and bean further investigation.
1he ux: of the: plasma and detonation eodes to model the performance of hyperveloclty
guns is also a very frujrtuJ idea. In addition to thh work, lhey are also lookinl at some new
semiconductor materials: a lead salt for a tunable diode luer, and mercury zinc lelluride for
lR deleelors.
They are still hampered in beq able to desiIn and produce fusion weapons or other
more complicated device. utilizing fusion and fisIion in the same c.onfiIuration. As far as
nuclear tedmolOlY is concerned the Israelis 2re roughly where the Us. as in the ftssion
weapon fteld in 1boul19SS to 1960.
It should be noted that the Israelis are deYelopina the tlnd of codes which will enable
them to make h)'droeen bombs. That is, codes which detail ftsIion and fusion processes on •
mkroecopic: and macroecopic leYeI. However, it is doubtfUl they have the codes to completely
dcqn SUth devices. as thete invotve more aotic radiation transport and are multidimensional.
The Israelis do not)'et hIYt the c.aplbllity to carry out thete tinds of calaJlations.


SOREQ
o Nuclear technology, weapons. nuclear power
Analosous to Livermore - LANL· Oak Ridcc Laboratories
Weapons design extremely coNm'aliYe
o Plasma physics department
DevelOP..the radiation transport codes-hydrosen bomb apabiIity
X-ray laser studies
o Solid state laters • electro-optics
Solid state detectors
VufnerabililY. lethaIiCy
CAlEGDRY]
o lnd azide. short c:hemicaI ,_, - unique: _ froot detonation
products (NEGEV). PnMdes in.... puIx ol bIuc-IJ"" liah< ., _opria,e .......enaths 10 proYicIe beIJrqe, !or deeply sulnnera<d sua._ (BMIC3. SOl) (Sec Attaehmenl n)
o EIcctrotbertuIlCCdcratioa •simple retro of ezistirw
platforms to pr<Mde hypenodoc:ity bnetic CneIIY rounds.
(A11lM. ARMOR/Aml-ARMOR. TACI1CAL MUNTI10N5, SDI) (Sec Attaehmenl
ID.)
o Mercury Zinc TeUuride ~tor wort - provides J~ shelf life to lit. detector
capabaily (by • facto< olS)
(OPTIcs, SATKA. Bwc3. SOl) (Sec Allaelunen' IV.)
CATEQORXU
o H&CdTe LatJe diameter detecton (10")
o Lead salt nmable diode laser
CAlEGQRY IDA
o Nuclear explosive support work
m-s
SOREO HcZpTe IR DETECIOR
SOREQ Nuclear Reoeatch Cenler is concIuc:tinI __ and deYeIopment with the lIpFticalion
01 Men:wy Zinc Telluride 10 _ _ The _ 01 _ <OIlOCMl is depicted
In the ~tlon II IlIOUllb 01 Men:wy ... Zinc Me varied In the oIIoy. This 1_
paramecer determines Ie1lIilMll'II......-1IdL
m-6
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SQREO "'ZoIc IS DETECTOR
Israel's SOREQ nudear facility is developing IR detector materials with incrcaxd sensitivity
and 10rwer shelf life: using Merauy Zinc: Telluride, HJZnTe. Note that the band gap changes
st~ as a function of composition. Overlap is observed at lower Zinc concentrations.,
evidence that the transition is made from semiconductor to metal. Varying the energy gap at
given temperatures increases detector sensitivity. Note small graphs at right, iIIustrati~
intensity as a function of angle. 1bc peak is causcd by X·ray diffraction from the surface.
This is associated with the lattice parameter.
ID·B
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SOBEO EIECTRODIERMALGUN
Electrothermal Gun Schematic dtacram depids the SORE9 electro-thermal eun used in
laboratory erperime:nts. The,un wes electric" cneJ'IY to vaporize an abbti", material,
Teton. corrvertinl it into • pluma jet to propet projectks ~t hyperYeIocilies. Hydroeen from
either water or paraII'in at the projectile bale is used to propel the round lealed by the
plasma jeL It is belieYed poeaibIe 10 JaiIe this tec:hnoloev concept from the present .sO
caliber aun 10 lOS nun application to apIoit ralJun performance paramelcn with st&ndud
artillery. Velocities up to.41an1KC Ire considered feasible,
m·\o
"
.. .. ..
SOREQ
ELECTROTHERMAL GUN
ala ' ooom F fWlD (lIzO. aIo)
CA_/ PU". JET -..TOII 1'flO.OEc:TU
....... :: :... :.>.' . ': ....n •• t,,'
~itr:';;:;-:'::":'··';Jjl' n.'.'•.••...• :"'";, .'.' .'tJ L : :··;..:::····...7:
.
"
. .
I?
-- ,
c:otlI'lNED .- PUUIIIA JET-LQfT
- DIICl1AIlQE FLUID (lIzO. at2I
INTIIIACTlON
THERMAL PRESSURE GUN
lNTEIlNAL
IIAUJSTICS
I'LAIIIIA JET
IOURCE .PLisaaAJo
,.,. Po "
TRAVELING CHARGE GUN
NEGEV lEAD AZIPE. SHORT WAYEJ FNGlH CHEMICAL LASER
Israel is developing a laser pumped by the detonation product Iud azide. The energy level of
the laser is formed by the detonation depicted in the 1UPh. The activated lead atom is the ,
product of the detonation and corraponds to luer radiation al a wavelencth of 46Z
nanometers. dose to the molt eftcttiYe WlVelerwth to penetJllte the ocean 10 IipUficanI
depths. The ted\noIClIY is planned for IIIef communications IS • compact. inexperwive device
10 we as a bellrincer I)'Stem for JUbturines. It also could be UJed for countermeasures
....... IR...-. Oft the ta<ticaI battlelleld and In IpllU.
m·I2
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authority.
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authority.
NEGEV·
LEAD AZIDE,
SHORT WAVELENGTH CHEMICAL LASER
Pb
15 0 3.65 ev --..----.-
V =1 A
v:o
3.62 eV
3.70 eV
462nm
78 sec·1
3 p2 1.32
3 p 1 0.97
531 nm
10sec·1
3 p0 _ 0 V 1:10
v:9 X
DETONATION'
Pb(N3)2 ----........ Pb + 2N3
N3 + N3 ., Ni + 2N2 (AE = 8.8 ev)
Pb + N2 • • Pb + N2
P
b ho (LASER) , ., P
b
ill·13

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authority.
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authority.
SOREO LEAD SALT TIJNABLE DIODE LASERS
The configuration of SOREQ's laser is depicted for hetrodyne detection of infrared energy
from a remote source. This tunable device technology could provide shot noise limited,
frequency stable, single mode lasing features. Graph at right depicts the increase efficiencies
from heterodyne detection as opposed to direct detection.
ill-14

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authority.
LEAD' SALT TUNABLE DIODE LASERS - SOREQ
SI
....
VI
INFRARED HETERODYNE DETECTION
- Principles -
In heterodyne detection. infrared radiation
from a remote source is mi xed wi th the output
or a coherent local oscillator.
loR
photodetector
Local
asclllator
b.am
INFRARED HETERODYNE DETECTION
- comparison.of the efficiency of heterodyne
vs direct detection.
1000
~IOO
-
z
..... 10 .....
-CD
J:
-
z
.....
en
- 01
Thus. for Doppler limlt~d molecular emission
(v/~v 106 ) and NEP-lo- I 3 W/Hz. a 100-fold
improvement is obtal'ned.
THESE TDL's HOLD PROMISE OF
- LASING IN SINGLE MODE
- SHOT NOISE LIMITED
- FREQUENCY STABILITY
- SUFFICIENT POWER (1 MW)
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE TDL's ARE NOT GOOD ENOUGH

 

 

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authority.
E. EL-OP
EI-Op has a long history of operations dating from 1937 with partial Israeli state
ownership from 1962. The company employs 1200 personnel for research and production of
optical systems for tank fire control, lasers, thermal imagers, night vision, avionics and optomechanical
products.
Tank fire control systems include product improvement systems for older systems, total
replacements, and state-of-the-art integration for new tanks..
Laser systems include rangefinders and designators for ships, helicopters, aircraft, and
anti-aircraft and anti-tank systems.
Thermal imaging products are produced for passive detection, sUlVeillance, and weapon
aiming systems.
Image intensification products include the full spectrum of devices from goggles to tank
driving systems.
EI-Op provides heads up displays (HUD) for all Kfir and Skyhawk aircraft. New
generations of heads up displays are being developed using holography for next generation
aircraft.
The opto-mechanical devices produced by EI-Op include boresight, test, obselVation, and
compass equipment to support weapon systems.
E1-0p produces a variety of systems that· respond to military needs for optics and
electro-optics at a1~. levels oftactical equipment.
GENERAL
o EI-Op is about a $900 million-a-year company of 1200 personnel specializing in
R&D and production of electro-optical devices. It is jointly owned by Tadiran
and the Feuermann group.
o Systems and research includes support for areas of avionics, night vision,
thermal imaging, tank fire control, optical/mechanical devices.
CATEGORY I
o Helmut HUD utilizing thin gelatin holographic element for total flight data
presentation and enabling pilots to be. protected from optical jamming
regardless of his head position. Other applications are IFF and stealth.
. (OPTICS) (See Attachment V.A.)
o High power sealed off C02 laser. Can be used to blind sensors. Easy to
maintain.
(ELECTRONIC COMBAT, DEW, SDn (See Attachment V.B.)
ill-16

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authority.
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authority.
CATEGORyn
o Thermal imaging devices (UROD)
o High repetition laser rangefinder (HRLR)
o Stabilized fire control system (FSC)
o Muzzle reference sensor (MRS)
o Wild field of view HUD for Lavi, multicolor symbology display
o Development of IR sensor for discriminating against penaids
CATEGORY IDA
o Computer controlled optical surfacing machine
o Development ofwavelength dependent choppers
o Optical coatings for high energy lasers
CATEGORY llIB
o Stabilized heterodyne systems
m-17

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authority.
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EL-OP HIGH POWER, SEALED OFF CARBON DIOXIDE LASER
A 1o-Kilowatt, 10% efficient carbon dioxide laser is being developed by EI-Op in Israel. The
device is completely enclosed, and is made possible by very efficient heat transfer. The
maximum amount of surface in this design is exposed to the heat exchange medium. The laser
path is lengthened to accommodate surface cooling. The performance is the best for a known
enclosed-cycle laser in the West. The laser could be used on spacecraft, or in a variety of
other applications, such as sensor countermeasures.
ill-1S

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authority.
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authority.
.EL-OP
HIGH POWER, SEALED OFF C02 LASER
EXTERNAL COOLING
s•....
IQ
I :IMPROVING THE HEAT REMOVING
rSY DESIGNING:THE iASER IN
. :COAXIAL CONFIGURATION
I/'S CAN ~~__SI;.EN WE EFFECTIVELY
!.HAVE 2nRo/D "SMALL LASERS" . I _.
CALCULATION SHOWS:
.!pC/pt =6.4 Ro/D

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authority.
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EvOP·MULTWUNCTIONALCOMPONE~
Holographic Optical Elements (HOE) developed by EI-Op are based on the properties of gelatin.
The HOE is lightweight and inexpensive as replacements for lenses, prisms, and filters. The
technology is used with computer generated holographs. It also has infrared low obselVable
applications for aircraft and missiles.
m-20

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authority.
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EL-OP
* MULTIFUNCTION COMPONENTS
WHITE
BWE
,..
.
. GREEN
A SINGLE HOE CAN BE USED TO REPLACE LENSES, PRISMS AND SPECTRAL FILTERS

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EL-OP HOLOGRAPIDC OPTICAL ELEMENTS
There are numerous applications for HOE technology. E1-0p has specifically applied this
technology to a Helmet Display System (HDS) to increase a combat pilot's first-shoot time
with complete freedom of head movement. The HDS measures line of sight, range to target,
ballistics, wind data, etc. The collimated image is transferred through fiberoptics from a high
brightness CRT. The image is projected and seen by the pilot properly oriented regardless of
head position, enabling freedom to monitor cockpit displays as well as outside scenarios.
m-22
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authority.
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EL-OP
HOLOGRAPHIC OPTICAL ELEMENT
I CONVENTIONAL
)- S.
N
) .... ,
HOE
TO FIRST ORDER, A HOE IS NOT AFFECTED BY THE SHAPE OF THE SUBSTRATE

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EL-OP SPECffiAL AND ANGULAR SELECfIVITY
The thin film holographic optical element is highly selective in wavelength, avoiding the three
apex lines with high accuracy of the deflection angle. One application is for Identification
Friend or Foe (IFF), or for stealth applications in the visible or IR regions. As depicted, the
bandwidth is extremely narrow in the vicinity of 25 nanometers over a variation angle
incidence of 10 degrees in spectral response. The see-through response is also depicted
between 400 and 700 nm.
m·24

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EL-OP
SPECTRAL & ANGULAR SELECTIVITY
"SEE-THROUGH" RESPONSE SPECTRAL RESPONSE OF A HOE
R=1----------
400 700· . 8

 

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EL-OP ZIGZAG SLAB LASER
Israel's EI-Op has developed a zigzag slab laser designed with an unstable resonator. The
advantage of this design, depicted in the schematic diagram, is that it employs very thin slabs.
This presents the same amount of lasing material as in larger, heavier devices to the light
beam as it passes through the cavity. The concept is similar to one conceived by Ray Kidder
at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. It has optimal pumping and heat transfer
characteristics. The design provides ease in pumping the slabs since there are no large
inhomogeneous areas that are not used in the process.
I11-26
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EL-OP
y
z
~x.
THE ZIG-ZAG SLAB LASER GEOMETRY,
WITH SHIELDS AND INSULATION
RAY PATH THROUGH THE ZIG-ZAG SLAB
F - FLASHLAMP, M - 100% REFLECTI.NG CONCAVE MIRROR,
E - ETALON, P - POLARIZER, A - UMITING APERTURE,
as - UTHIUM-NIOBATE Q-SWITCH, AJ4 - QUARTER-WAVE PLATE
ZIG-ZAG SLAB LASER WITH UNSTABLE RESONATOR

 

 

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F. ISRAELI AIRCRAFf INDUSTRIES (IAI)
Israeli Aircraft Industries Ltd., is Israel's largest company with annual sales of $900
million and 20,000 employees. Total research and development activities are 41% of the total
output, with most of the funding from the government. IAI funded R&D is approximately 6%
annually. Export sales are approximately $450 million annually. Major business areas are
design, development, test and certification of military and· commercial aircraft, advanced
aerospace and weapons systems, electronic and avionics systems. More than 30 types of
aircraft have been built by IAI along with the 30 types of engines and 10,000 components.
Annual capacity in these areas is 350 aircraft and 750 engines.
General research and development programs include air defense suppression, air defense
and attack aircraft, missiles and guided armaments. Specific areas of R&D emphasis are:
(1) Elta Electronics Company, a unit of the Electronics Division, with activity in
precision guided munition control, secured communications, airborne radars with
programmable signal processors and look-down capability backed up with a
distributed computer network. Surface radars are being developed to detect seaskimming
missiles at 20 km, and tactical surface to surface system with a 120 km.
range.
(2) Tactical and strategic intelligence systems integrated into command control and
communications systems.
(3) Point defense weapon systems for strategic defense of high-priority targets.
(4) Communications that include secured data, digital format and wide band via satellite
and fiberoptics.
(5) Communications intelligence with high sensitivity, fast scanning and broadband
receivers.
(6) Jammers for application against tactical and space-based communications systems.
(7) Radar technology development in synthetic aperture and inverse synthetic aperture
radar, radar image processing, solid state space qualified transmitters and receivers,
RF tubes in XlKu-Ka bands, large non-rigid antenna arrays that are lightweight,
space-based radar signal processors that are programmable for onboard real-time
processing of raw data, and bi-static cooperative and' non-cooperative space-based
radars.
(8) Active electronic countermeasures, self-defense of aircraft and weapons systems
against radar-guided threats.
(9) Design and development of high reliability hybrid circuits and very large scale
integrated circuits.
GENERAL
o IAI is a major aerospace company producing state-of-the-art fighter aircraft such as
the Lavi and Kfir, commercial aircraft, missiles and RPV's and electronics and
avionics systems.
o Major areas of business are airframe design and manufacture, development and
production of weapons systems, and electronic and avionic systems such as radars,
m-28

 

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communications, electronic warfare, signal intelligence, and command, control and
communications systems.
o General research activity is in areas of space related technologies such as embedded
computer systems, flight and space structures, radar technologies, communications
systems, computer technologies, signal processing and microelectronics techJ:tologies.
Specific research and development program include:
Look-downlshoot-down radar for the Lavi fighter and an electronic warfare
suite for the aircraft."
Radar mounted on vehicles to detect hovering helicopters now being tested and
evaluated by the USMC with possible Lear-Siegler Production.
Tactical air defense radar that is rugged and uncomplicated. It operates at Lband
and is solid state. ' '.
Long-range ground surveillance radar that can detect forces and mobile targets
at ranges in excess of 100 km, operating with high resolution above X-band.
Image processing, artificial intelligence that is knowledge based/pattern
recognition. Development of software for relative digital automatic pilot and
control systems.
CATEGORY I
o Two-layered anti-tactical ballistic missile defense system using remotely piloted
vehicles and drones. Orbiting attack drones, very small size, made from low radar
cross section materials, and equipped with warheads and terminal sensors such as
infrared would be used against boosters in the boost phase. A second high-altitude
layer would attack re-entry vehicles after launch from an RPV platform using
infrared, ultraviolet or RF seekers. Dual-mode sensors are being developed that
could be used on the drones.
(SOIa, ATBM)
o Systems architecture for regional ballistic missiles defenses that could apply to
SOIa, or for ATBM use. This is based on signal processing command, control, and
communications systems with hardware in the loop with the' capability for inputs
from NATO allies in a layered terminal defense approach. This effort could be in
cooperation with the MOD.
(BM/C3, ELECTRONIC COMBAT)
m-29

 

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G. ELTA
ELTA Electronics Industries employs 2200 people with over 1200 scientists, engineers,
programmers and high level technicians. The company produces $140 million in products.
ELTA manufactures the following:
o Radars - airborne, shipborne, and ground-based.
o Electronic warfare - airborne, shipborne and ground-based.
o SIGINT - EIINT and COMINT systems.
o Communication - systems and equipment.
o Computerized Systems - military types.
o Automatic Test Systems - for military and industrial applications.
o Signal processing.
o National Oefense - air defense C & C systems.
o Technologies - microelectronics, transformers, filters, etc.
The great majority of the equipment and systems produced by ELTA are original
developments. ELTA has an in-depth capability for turnkey delivery definition phases, site
surveys, development of hardware selection and evaluation of subcontractors, production,
software preparation, installation, commissioning, training and maintenance. ELTA is the
avionics manufacturer for the Lavi aircraft and will provide EW, radar, and communication
systems.
GENERAL
o ELTA is a subsidiary ofIAI (Israel Aircraft Industries).
o Their products consist of: electronic warfare, SIGINT, communications, radars,
computers, signal processing, C31, and microelectronics equipment.
CATEGORY I
o Programmable signal processor with· modular parallel processing that is capable of
network (Octopus) or stand-alone operating with math calculations of 90-540 NS and
FFf (Butterfly).
(SOlO, ELECTRONIC COMBAT) (See Attachment XII.)
o Conformal array technology for Lavi aircraft. SARIISAR capability for air and
ground application.
(SOlO, ELECTRONIC COMBAT) (See Attachment XIV.)
o Radar signal processing capability (EUSP 890L) SAW integrated 12k gate 2 micron
VLSI Circuit with parallel processing, 1.6 bit floating + fixed, and 2.5 GHz
processing, signal compressing software for image processing (reconnaissance) and AI
Function.
(SOlO, ELECTRONIC COMBAT) (See Attachment XV.)
ill-30

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CATEGORYll
o EC·135 (707) airborne system with parallel processing (Butterfly). HFIUHF, radar
D.F., single pulse 1.0., minitune amplifiers for monopulse down converting, frequency
agile emitters, and phase locked loop synthesiUrs.
ill-31

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H. ELISRA
Elisra Electronic Systems, Ltd., is primarily engaged in the development and manufacture
of electronic warfare systems, equipment and components. Since its founding in 1966 (as
A.E.L Israel Ltd.), Elisra has been a major supplier to all branches of the Israel Defense
Forces, as well as to customers world-wide.
Company sales reached $70 million in 1985. About 45% of total sales are exports to
other governments and armed forces. Elisra employs over 1400 people, of whom 200 are
engineers and 500 are technicians. The company's premises, with 2800 square meters of floor
space, and located in Bene Beraq, a suburb of Tel Aviv.
In the electronic warfare domain, Elisra is involved in the design and manufacture of:
Airborne EW systems for first line aircraft and helicopters
Naval EW suites (ESMlECM) for all types of combat ships
These computerized power management systems include chaff dispensers and high-power
jammers.
ELINT/COMINT equipment and systems, widely used for tactical and strategic
intelligence for naval, ground, and airborne applications.
Communication equipment and systems, manufactured for HF to the microwave
frequencies, utilizing Elisra's own high-power, broad-band, solid state amplifiers.
The company provides turnkey EW projects, starting from analysis of operational
requirements through design, development and manufacture. The projects are accompanied by
complete integrated logistic support packages that include training, documentation, software
and spares.
GENERAL
o Elisra is a company of 1485 personnel with annual sales of $70 million. (AEL owns
60% of company stock)
o The company is heavily involved in electronic warfare systems and radio frequency
and microwave components.
o Electronic warfare efforts include high frequency/microwave, ELINT/COMINT, for
air and naval systems.
o Components include: radio frequency amplifiers, solid state switches, filters and
couplers, and wide range of power and frequency control devices.
CATEGORY I
o Operational laser warning receiver with LO.B. less than one degree. (MlL-E-5400)
Ada processors with matching library and .1 micro second accuracy. Warns when
being painted by laser.
(OPTICS, SATKA)
ill-32

 

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CATEGORyn
o RWR equipment similar to ALR 46,74/(1) (Reprogramrnable by tape upgrade and
compatible with U.S. standards). Airborne ELINT systems with 4 antennae quadrants
(model CR28OO) providing 360 degrees coverage, 5 degrees AOA, and fingerprint
capability MIL standard 1750 A computer.
o CWDF for 6.5 - 18 GHz with a weight of 3 kg. (MIL-E-5400)
o Naval ESM (radar OF) 2-18 G~ OF one degree -Xlku bands (3 degrees S&C
bands), monopulse switching mode, in a density of 500 KPPS.
o Ground ELINT 0.5 - 40 GHz. 100 KHz accuracy and resolution, OF .1 • 1 degree,
PRJ accuracy 100 NS per pulse train.
o Ultra compact C02 laser, 200-1000 watts, industrial applications.
ill-33

 

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I. HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM
The following relates to work. at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, in particular the
Racah Institute for Physics at the Center for Plasma Physics. Guillo Racah was a famous
Italian Jewish physicist who emigrated to Israel and taught at the Hebrew University. His
major contributions were in nuclear and high energy physics. His son teaches at the
University of Dlinois (Chicago) (he is head of the department there). The Institute for
Physics was established in his name at the Hebrew University.
One of its most prominent activities is the Center for Plasma Physics. Much of the free
electron laser work, which has been discussed elsewhere in this report, is going on at the
Center for Plasma Physics in collaboration with investigators at the Office on Naval Research,
at Yale University. The analytical potential and expertise in this field of plasmas, which is
important to the operation of a free electron laser, exists at the Hebrew University.
Therefore, as discussed in a subsequent document, it is recommended that the analysis and
theory be done at Hebrew University with computer simulations done in the US, perhaps at
the Naval Research Laboratory at Yale University, with the experimental parts of the program
divided between Israel and the U.S.
Another exceptionally inte·resting project is the proposal to do excimer laser kinetics by
Rokni and others. It is necessary to gain a better understanding on how excimer can be made
more efficient.
Of course, Hebrew University also is the center for computer software research involving
potential SOl projects and these are discussed also elsewhere in this report.
HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM
o Racah Institute of Physics (Guillo Racah)
Oose collaboration with Rafael, SOREQ, U.S.
Development of wigglerless FEL
Collaboration with Yale University faculty
Excimer laser studies
Kinetics and energy distribution measurements on excimer lasers
CATEGORY I
o Wigglerless free electron laser - elimination of a massive component used to
stimulate optical emission. Tremendous saving in weight and reduction ofspace.
(OPTICS, SATKA, DEW) (See Attachment VI.)
o Excimer laser kinetics studies which greatly increases effectiveness of excimer laser.
(OPTICS, SATKA) (See Attachment VIT.)
m-34
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ill·35

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HEBREW UNIVERSITY WIGGLERLESS FREE ELECffiON LASER
Racah Institute of Hebrew University has developed a concept for a lightweight, less costly
free electron laser that employs microwaves instead of wiggler magnets in the lasing process.
The technology is based on the use of a two-beam accelerator using magnetic fields.
Electrons from the accelerator are introduced at 3 MeV with a 3-kiloamp current at an angle·
to the magnets to produce a spatially coherent helical orbit that is produced for the electrons.
Radiation from stage one is coupled with radiation from stage two as the driver for
antiresonant acceleration in the second stage. A tapered light pipe is used to focus radiation
for acceleration and focusing efficiency. This concept can produce 10 MeV electron beams.
An intense electromagnetic wave is generated with circular polarization through the use of the
magnetic field in the first stage. The transverse electromagnetic wave accelerates charged
particles in the second stage that move in resonance with the wave--the gyro-resonance
accelerator. MIT also is developing similar wigglerless FEL technology. The compact nature
of the second stage makes this concept attractive.
ill-36
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authority.
HEBREW UNIVERSITY . . .
WIGGLER LESS FREE ELECTRON LASER
~IBz =20kG
"1 METER.-t
1::S:>:<::1
25 em
J
ill-37

 

 

 

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J. RAFAEL
Rafael is a key research and development laboratory in Israel, performing in a variety of
technological areas. Major areas of development include missile systems design and
development, image processing, and ballistic systems such as warheads and terminal devices,
ceramic and composite materials applied to space reactive armor. Research and development
programs are keyed to short-term responses to fulfill immediate needs of Israel in responding
to threats along its borders, usually Soviet-built weapons.
General R&D emphasis is concentrated in the areas of missile intercept systems, software
analysis, sensor technology, materials research, and directed energy weapons technology.
Specific areasof emphasis include:
(1) Development and simulation of ballistic missile re-entry vehicle to Mach 7 at a
60,OOo-ft. altitude in cooperation with Technion, using a jet tunnel facility.
(2) Conceptual design and component development for an anti-tactical ballistic missile
defense system that operates at a speed of 2 kmIsecond to engage re-entry vehicles
at ranges of 500 km at altitudes of 100 km. Silo based missiles and radars would
be used. The missile would be 3,380 mm long and 260 mm in diameter, weigh 250
kg and have servo-actuated fins for control, an infrared proximity fuse and a new
radial warhead.
(3) Center for military analysis with 30 scientist/engineers to provide assessments,
vulnerability studies and strategy.
(4) Image processing development including trackers, target detection, image
understanding, target cueing, image compression and enhancement and computerized
vision.
(5) Optical coatings and filters including new processes and new materials for thin
films, containing up to six different materials and over 40 layers in a single device.
Equipment includes vacuum coaters with electron and ion beam guns, flash
evaporators and microprocessor controllers.
(6) Plasma detectors for microwave and millimeter wave length imaging arrays for
possible application to space systems that could overcome microwave radiation, highpower
lasers, and electromagnetic pulses.
(7) Free electron lasers and intense relativistic electron beams, high-power RF and Xray
sources, pulsed power and high voltage systems, gas-puff Z-pinch for X-ray
lasers, microfocus X-ray tubes.
(8) Formal logic in specification and verification of software.
(9) Composite materials technologies for structural bonded panels and laminates, ablative
components, advanced rocket motors and truss structures.
(10) Development of infrared, laser and electro-optical sensors. Special progress has
been made in reducing the size and weight of radar sensors by moving to higher
frequencies at 35 GHz and 94 GHz using advanced RF front ends with stripline
antennas with built-in receiver functions.
ill-38

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(11) Electronics and optronics for active target acquisition, identification, allocation and
designation. This also includes signal transmission technologies over a wide
spectrum using frequency agility, PRF agility in high resolution acquisition against
low RCS targets. Passive threat acquisition using passive sensors such as infrared
searchers and other electromagnetic sensors. A part of the technology is laser
designation systems, laser beam concentrated energy and laser range measurements.
(12) Anti-tactical ballistic missile defense system using mini drones with terminal sensors
to destroy boosters and to engage re-entry vehicles at high altitudes.
(13) Systems architecture and testbed for SOlO based on defense considerations in the
terminal regime.
GENERAL
o Rafael provides research and development support in a wide variety of areas for
Israel's Ministry of Defense in Weapons Systems Technologies. More than 7,000
persons are employed at Rafael, with 35% of them scientists and 25% skilled
technicians.
o Major areas of business included missile developments such as Gabriel, rocket
propulsion motors, a new fast-reaction anti-helicopter missile called Adam, with
command line-of-sight guidance. The effort at Rafael, an acronym for Israel's
Armament Development Authority, includes software development, artificial
intelligence, composite materials and structures, and directed energy devices.
Specific areas of research and development are:
CATEGORY I
o Hypervelocity guided missiles for air defense/ATBM that cost less than S1,000/kg.
Reaction against Soviet-built SS-21, -22, and -23 ballistic missiles would be less
than 5 seconds.
(ATBM, SATKA) - category
o Area defensive systems employing a variety of missiles and drones, including the
ATBM system. This is based on studies of the threat and available technologies by
the military analysis center. The center is more battlefield oriented than
technological and more critical than invention oriented.
(ATBM, SATKA)
o Computer and software programs development with embedded systems, digital signal
processing and algorithm development. A new command, control and communications
center has been designed using fiber optics.
(BM/C3, OPTICS, C3) (See Attachment IX)
o Artificial intelligence applied to a navigation system using PROLOGUE and LISP
language. A sonar system also is being developed using these languages.
(ELECTRONIC COMBAT, SATKA, BM/C3)
ill-39

 

 

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authority.
o Computer aided software engineering where a magic square paradigm is being
developed using Ada This is in concert with two Israeli universities.
o Formal logic verification of software for highly reliable routines. Related
technology includes temporal logic artificial intelligence for workstations, with the
first prototype being tested.
o Image processing with understanding, cueing, compression, enhancement of target
data This has been combined with artificial intelligence for real-time application.
In terms of fielding systems, this is the world leader.
(OPTICS, SATKA, BMlC3)
o Edge/Centroid trackers with advances in related adaptive/area correlators being
tested. This leading towards development of intelligent trackers that automatically
identify targets and destroy them. This technology is based on pattern recognition
and model-based target detection. It also has medical and industrial production
applications.
(OPTICS, SATKA)
o ,Plasma detection technology for microwave and millimeter wave imaging arrays that
can withstand EMP and microwave radiation. This enables increased field of view,
reduced radar scanning time and aids target detection.
(SATKA) (See Attachment vm.)
o High energy laser development including subsystems such as gas supply systems,
combusters, and nickel technology. Pulsed UV excimer lasers are being developed
for materials processing.
(SATKA, DEW)
o Ballistics technology to develop explosively formed armor penetration warheads and
hollow shaped charges with improved jets. Explosive reactive armor is included in
this area of technology.
(TACTICAL MUNITIONS, ARMOR/ANTI-ARMOR, ATBM, KEW)
lli-40
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m-41
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authority.
RAFAEL PLASMA DETEcrOR
Properties of a glow discharge plasma have been applied by Rafael to a sensor system to
detect microwave and mi11imeter wave emissions. Inherent hardness in the sensor enables it to
withstand nuclear weapons effects. The glow discharge plasma detector as depicted, operates
at a few hundred volts with current densities between 10.5 and 10.1 amperes/square
centimeter. A focal plane array can be constructed of glow discharge. elements to image
microwave/millimeter wave radiation. An electromagnetic wave i11uminates the glow discharge
tube, changing the voltage characteristics. These changes are reflected as a voltage charge
across a load resistance, functioning as a video detector.
111-42
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~~E8EL ..
PLASMA DETECTOR
>
E
.>
10
012
0.08
0.04
S 0
0.04
-0.08
-0.12
-0.16
-0.20
Gas:Nean
Pres~ure:1 Torr
"Negotive reosponse"
,. Positiveo reosponse"
(e)
1=8 mA
2040 60 80
X (mm)
(f)
I =10 mA
20 40 60 80
X (mm)
TYPICAL RESPONSE OF A GLOW DISCHARGE TUBE
TO INCIDENT MILLIMETER-WAVES
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RAFAEL SOFlWARE LOGIC
The methodology used by Rafael in developing software logic is depicted in the diagram as
artificial intelligence generation tools, based on an automated computer design. Rafael uses
formal methods based on mathematical logic for requirements specification. Recent
developments in this area could provide significant improvement in software reliability.
Advances include temporal logic for specifying and verifying concurrent programs, advanced
workstations for software development, and AI theorem proving. Rafael has applied interval
temporal logic to an operational software program.
ill·44
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~~~EL .,
SOFTWARE LOGIC
Statechar1S .
Administrator's &
Projed Manager's
Instrudlons .
Forms Actlvllychart&
Modulechar1s
SImulation
Reports
Wortdng Reports
& OoQImeru Analysis
Reports
AI BASED TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE GENERATION

 

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K. ELBIT
Elbit is a member of the Elron Electronic Industries Group with 1850 employees and an
annual sales of $150 million. About 75% of sales is export with 37% to the U.S.
In the avionics area, they are presently developing mission computers for the Israeli F-16
and the Lavi. They have embarked on a major update program for the F-4 Phantom as the
integrator of the entire avionics system including a modernized HUD and radar system.
Elbit's tank fire control systems, originally designed for the Israeli Merkava tank, have
been used to upgrade a wide range of tanks including the U.S. M-48 and M-60, the British
Centurion, and variety of Russian tanks.
Additionally, Elbit produces command and control systems trainers as well as a line of
digital communication units and artillery C3 and computational units.
Elbit has developed a method for digital representation of an image with applications to
data compression and adaptive target recognition and discrimination. The approach holds
promise for being a significant advance in these areas useful in both strategic and
conventional applications.
They have developed a laser ranging device (ELDAR) making use of the retroreflection
occurring in an. optical seeker on a weapon to provide warning and location of potential
threats. The deViCe' uses a highly sensitive receiver and may be on par with similar devices
made in the U.S., but its photon noise I.imited receiver may pr?vide extreme sensitivity.
ELDAR is used to provide passive correction of high energy lasers by measuring when
the turbulence is zero:'and choosing to fire at that time., This roughly parallels more
advanced work being done in a U.S. classified program.
GENERAL
o Specializes in advanced aVlOmcs, airborne computers, fire control systems,
communications, and command center ADP and display systems, some EW.
o Growth areas involve thermal imaging syste~s and computerized machine vision.
o Extensive interaction with U.S. companies (CDC, Fibronics, Inframetric's, Elscint)
CATEGORY I
o Computerized vision • A technique for picture data compression up to 20:1 utilizing
knowledge or eye/brain function. RPV capability for real-time targeting fighter
aircraft. This is unique in the world.
(SATKA) (See Attachment x.)
CATEGORY II
o ELDAR electro-optic location, detection, and ranging. Use of retroreflection from a
threat optical device to warn of and locate the potential threat - uses a highly
sensitive receiver design.
111-46
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CATEQQRY IlIA
o Passive correction of HEL's for turbulence (i.e., measuring turbulence and firing
only when turbulence is zero).
ill-47

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ELBIT DISCRIMINATION STAGE
The Elbit computerized vision discrimination stage diagram applies an algorithm for target
features recognition and verification applying discriminate weights. The data obtained in this
stage are boiled down to a discriminant number. If positive, it implies a target. If negative,
it implies background. The sensor provides picture data compression up to 20:1, using
techniques based on the function of human eyelbrain.
ill·48
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DISCRIMINANT
WEIGHTS
DISCRIMINATION STAGE
THRESHOLD
T
F1 0-0---.....
F2 D2~-___
H
I 1
~_j--1 _ r--r.
I
I
I ..
Fk o---~ Dkl-------
INVARIANT
FEATURES
1
COMPARATOR
(+)ve IF TARGET
( - )ve IF BACKGROUND
Algorithm for Feature Characterization and Target Verification

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ELBIT ALGORITHM IMPLEMENTATION
The logic flow diagram depicts the algorithm used to determine feature identification of a
signal. Applied· to computer vision for a digital representation of image efficiency, data
compression is provided. The algorithm is used to search for target areas of interest, mapping
the field of vision into a. set of characteristic transform coefficients, and pattern recognition
by means of discriminant functions applied to the coefficients.
meso

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Blbia
ALGORITHM IMPLEMENTATION
Logic Flow for Algorithm to Determine Feature Identification for an
Input Signal
TRANSFORM
COEFFICIENTS
INVARIANT
FEATURES
N2»m>k
o

I--- - -
I
FEATURE
EXTRACTOR
AND
DETECTOR
..... Cm
N
\I /~ " lJ/i
,.,
.£/ I " 'III ---- --
: I )
I I /
I I ,. ..../
TRANSFORM
MASKS
INPUT
PICTURE
N

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ELBIT DETERMINATION OF DISCRIMINANT WEIGHTS
The Elbit computer vision system is predicated on assigning a single discriminant number,
based on a set of characteristics. The coefficients are derived from masks of the image
related to how the human eye and brain process imagery and how a person searches for
patterns. Note that the algorithm takes into account dimensions of color, motion and stereo;
it does not distort the image and is invariant to rotation, position and size. This system has
proved 98.5% effective in tactical target classification tests on drones.
ill-52
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~Ibi'
DETERMINATION OF DISCRIMINANT WEIGHTS
Analysis of Factors Used to Verify a Target Classification
n
FTARGETS
_.
. FBACKGROUNDS
N TARGETS
M BACKGROUNDS
DISCRIMINANT
FUNCTION
EXTRACTOR
DISCRIMINANT
WEIGHTS
THRESHOLD

 

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L. ISRAELI MILITARY INDUSTRIES
IMI is closely tied to the Israeli Ministry of Defense but operates as a private company
with annual sales of $568 million and 14,000 employees. Research and development funding is
$14 million (1986), and export sales are $183.6 million. Major business development is in areas
of weapons, ammunition, aircraft equipment, metal products and systems engineering. It is a
leader in producing armaments for the U.S., other allied nations and Israeli defense forces,
especially in anti-armor devices, warheads, fuses, propellants and rocket/missile systems.
General R&D emphasis is in areas of explosives, aircraft weapons systems, aircraft selfprotection
systems, infantry weapons, anti-tank weapons, armored battle vehicles, artillery and
guided projectiles, naval weapons systems and submunitions. Specific areas of R&D include: -:
f
(1) Ramjet-powered hypersonic projectile that reaches speeds above 2 kmlsecond for
anti-armor applications.
(2) Space reactive explosive ceramic armor developed in cooperation with Rafael. The
technology can tum a penetrator rod sideways and halt its penetration.
Approximately $5 million per year is invested in this technology.
(3) High-G projectiles with onboard guidance systems for air defense and possible ATBM
defense.
(4) Composite materials research for wide applications including rocket motor cases and
projectile sabots.
(5) Research for space-based kinetic kill vehicles that could have SDIO application,
including a 40 pound rocket-powered device. The technology is believed capable of
providing weapons with a velocity of 30 kmlsecond that can sustain 200,000 Gs.
(6) Advanced materials for space systems applications such as ceramics, refractories,
and carbon-earbon.
(7) Air breathing propulsion design and development work on systems such as scramjets
and ramjets, and small turbojets.
(8) Sensors, including electro-optics and laser beam riding technologies.
GENERAL
<> : Israel Military Industries manufactures over 300 products, including weapon systems,
ammunition and equipment for ground, naval and air forces. Products are used in
over 50 nations, including NATO countries and the U.S.
o IMI invests approximately 5% of annual sales in R&D activities. IMI operates 36
facilities and plants employing 14,000 people. Sales in 1984 were $568 million, with
$183.6 .million of this for Ministry of Defense programs, with export sales of $321
million.
o General R&D is under a central laboratory developing a line of advanced munitions
- with over 50% of the company's product lines developed by the laboratory -- Tank
and motor ammunition, extended - range artillery ammunition, submunitions, ballistic
protection armor. Specific areas of R&D emphasis are:
laser seekers and microelectronics for missiles and artillery ammunitions.
ill-54

 

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tank gun ammunition such as the 105 mm APFS DS-T armor piercing, spin
stabilized, discarding sabot tracer round effective against spaced armor using a
swaged tungsten alloy core.
hypervelocity medium caliber rounds, anti-tank systems and ramjet powered
kinetic energy penetrators.
chemical propellants and explosives inCluding RDX, HMX, PETN explosives and
single, double and triple base solvent and solventless extended propellants.
command, control, and communication including digital communications, data
links displays, control centers and systems.
aircraft weapons systems such as air launched decoy systems, 25 mm guns,
cluster bombs. Self-protection systems, runway penetration bombs.
CATEGORY I
o Material for kinetic energy penetrators -- tungsten based heavy metal· and other
alloys using cold isostatic pressing and centering techniques. Research yielding
improved alloys through plastic deformation and heat treatment that provides 17.15
GICC, tensile strength 225,000 PSI, tensile yield of 220,000 PSI (0.2% offset),
elongation of 8% in 1 inch. .
(TACTICAL MUNmONS, ARMOR/ANTI-ARMOR, KEW)
o SDIO technology development, mostly for high endoatmospheric devices--
propulsion, structures, warheads, and fuses. Other applications include space-based
rockets, a 40 pound kinetic kill vehicle, light motor cases, nozzle and thrust vector
control.
(SATKA, KEW)
o Rotating solid rockets, hypervelocity high-G projectiles/rockets (30· kmlsecond,
200,000 G potential).
(KEW)
o Warheads
technology.
hollow charge, self-forging fragments. Totally revolutionary
(TACTICAL MUNITIONS, KEW)
o Research on a kg-class projectile that will travel at 2 kmlsecond using ramjet
power. Limited data exchanged with U.S. companies. Ability to accelerate large
masses exceeds any known U.S. effort..
(TACTICAL, ARMOR/ANTI-ARMOR, KEW)
o Development of spaCed armor; working on reactive armor programs with small
explosive charges jointly with Rafael to stop armor penetrators and hollow shaped
charges. The U.S. urgently needs this technology.
(ARMOR/ANTI-ARMOR)
m-55

 

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o IR missile detection system: gyro, cooler and dewar with a 10 year shelf life, high
(10,00) G., spins up in less than 1 second. No one else has ever come close to
achieving these acceleration levels.
(TACTICAL MUNITIONS, SATKA)
o Advanced materials for space systems applications
carbon. This is superb structural material.
(SATKA)
ceramics, refractories, carbonCATEGORY
II
o Low cost solid propulsion.
o Air breathing propulsion research and design work.
o Electro-optics and laser beam riding weapons applications.
o Fuses -- electronic proximity and time.
o Thermal imaging -- imaging processing for target identification.
o Aerodynainic design -- missile, projectile, and airborne platforms.
o High-G environment -- cannon fired projectiles.
o Airborne autopilot system -- missile, projectile, and airborne platforms.
o Delila jet propelIed multi-purpose ground and air launched missile with speed to 0.8
Mach. payload to 50 kg, equipped with total digital autopilot.
o Cannon launched anti-armor maneuvering projectile (CLAMP), a semi-active laser
homing 155 mm anti-armor projectile, hardened to 10,000 plus GS, ballistic and glide
modes to 20 kIn range, holIow charge warhead to penetrate 800 plus mm.
o Man Portable Anti-Tank System (MAPATS), an EO beam rider missile with a 4,500
meter range. Laser source is a semiconductor GaAs laser operating at 0.9
micrometers coupled into a fiber rod. A 1:10 zoom system using the same stepper
motor and cam. The visible and part of infrared optics are incorporated into one
channel.
o Rocket systems such as the LAR-160 mm with 30 kIn range for use with
. conventional or radar fire control; 240 mm arti11ery rocket with 10.5 kIn range and
.submunition cluster warheads; MAR-290 mm rocket with 70 kIn range; 82 mm air-toground
rocket; B-300 man portable anti-tank rocket produced in the U.S. by
McDonnelI Douglas as the SMAWIB-3OO for the Marine Corps. U.S. testing IMI
light artillery air transportable.
ill-56

 

 

 

 

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M. TADlRAN
Tadiran's 1985 sales reached $570 million, roughly half is due to exports to some 52
countries. In 1985, they had $65 million worth of R&D, 80% of which was invested from
profit. The company is 70% owned by KOOR, the industrial arm of the trade union
organization; 19% by GTE, and 11% by the employees. Their sales to the U.S. doubled in the
past year with sales of the VRC-12, the mini-RPV to the Navy.
They produce a broad range of tactical communications equipment in the HF, VHF, and
UHF bands, perhaps the most comprehensive product line of any single manufacturer. This
includes security, frequency hopped anti-jam, as well as adaptive HF. Their taCtical electronic
warfare equipment is also capable and extensive, including ELINT, COMINT as well as jamming
equipment.
In all of this equipment, they make extensive use of the integration of SAW devices into
hybrid circuits for signal processing at RF. They use SAW's with TW product of up to 2000
in Mil Spec devices. An extensive discussion of Tadiran's capability in the communications
and EW area is included in the Appendices.
The Mini-RPV system, (a joint venture with IAI), is a very capable and flexible system
that has been extensively combat proven. The U.S. Navy has contracted for a 20 NC system
with an ELINT/EO payload.
Several proposals submitted by Tadiran were judged by the team to be rather theoretical
and either not on a par with U.S. or other efforts or insufficiently described. The proposal
on the Detection of Missiles Launches via Ionospheric Sounding is rather theoretical in nature,
whereas the U.S. has extensive research and operational experience with such systems. A U.S.
Air Force tactical warning system (440L) using these concepts was terminated some years ago
because of its poor reliability and high cost relative to value. The intelligent Target
Discriminator and Multi Point Sensors Discriminator proposals were too vague and
insufficiently described to make a good judgment.
GENERAL
o Tadiran is a privately owned company producing a broad range of communications,
electronics, and electro-optic equipment of which roughly one-half is export. 19%
of the shares are owned by GTE.
CATEGORY I
o Produces a range of tactical communications equipment which is as or more
advanced than fielded U.S. equipment.
(C3) (See Attachment XIII.)
o Highly capable, MIL SPEC SAW devices of code length em product) of 2000 or
more, which can be electronically programmed for frequency hopped communications,
signal processing and radar. Off the shelf.
(ELECTRONIC COMBAT, BMlC3)
CATEGORYTI
o A 20 NC RPV system with 3 ground stations, ELINT package (0.5 - 18 GHz, 0.5
degrees DOA) and night vision package, 9 hours on station at 12,000 feet (with IAI).
TIl-57

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CATEqORY IlIA
o Detection of missile launches via ionospheric sounding (proposal).
o HgCdTe IR focal plane array development.
CATEGORY IIIB
o Intelligent target discriminator, the use of AI/expert systems for target
discrimination (proposal).
o The multi point sensors discriminator which identifies decoys by means of their 3D
structures and features (proposal).
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III-59

 

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TADIRAN CORRELATORIENCODER
Block diagram provides the function flow of a single pulse analysis circuit that permits pulse
compression using Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) technology. A matched filter is used as an
optimum detector to correlate the incoming signal with a stored reference to overcome noise
and jamming in spread spectrum communications for detection of the transmitted signal. The
matched filter also can serve as a phase coded waveform by applying an impulse to the filter
input. The correlation signal from the matched filter can be used for rapid synchronization
acquisition and data demodulation, precision ranging, radar pulse comparison and signature
comparison/identification.
llI-60

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TADIBAN
Function Flow of a Single Pulse Analysis Circuit Allowing Pulse Comparison
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Phase coded signal
-JV\fY\J\-
~rd ......."mA ..... , , , 0 ,
Impulse
1
IN
IN
MATCHED
FILTER
ST2915
MATCHED
FILTER
ST2915
..'-line
OUT
OUT
Correlation signal
Phase coded signal
MATCHED
FI LTER
. ST2916
OUT
FEATURES
- Small size
- High reliability
- Good reproducibility
- Temperature stability
-.
- Wide dynamic range
- Simple operation
- Operation at I.F. frequency
- Moderate bandwidth
PSK CORRELATORIENCODER

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TADIRAN RECEIVER SYNCHRONIZATION BLOCK
Tadiran's typical application diagram is used to depict target signal analysis. The Israeli
company is oriented towards development of custom made Surface Acoustic Wave devices.
Fixed code and electronically programmable matched filters for PSK and MSK waveforms up to
a length of 30 microseconds at moderate hit rates are provided.
ill-62
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IF AMP
LO
TAD:IRAN
TYPICAL APPLICATION
sYNCHRONIZATION
MATCHED THRESHOLD OUTPUT >---~ t----4
FILTER DETECTOR
CODE
LOGIC
Receiver Synchronization Block
Target Signal Analysis

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TADIRAN CORRELATION IN SAW MATCHED FILTER
Tadiran's typical bi-phase Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) matched filter is illustrated in the
schematic diagram. The application of the RF signal to the filter input generates an Acoustic
Surface Wave which propagates from the input to the output transducer. Applications of a
narrow pulse to the input results in the PSK waveform at the output. The waveform is phase
coded according to the output transducer geometry. A time reversed replica of this signal
applied to the input results in a correlation peak.
ill·64
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TAD:IRAN
OPERATION
A typical bi-phase SAW matched filter is illustrated schematically
Correlation signal
coded transduoer
OUT --_..:..._--,~
Input'transducer
I 0 I'
.. . ", .......
Phase coded signal
piezoelectric substrate
Comparison Capability for Single Pulse
CORRELATION IN SAW MATCHED FILTER
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CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR ISRAEL·
indicates Category I
capability / / / CONVENTiONAL SDI·RELATED
!IJ'MI/t~~"f / ~0Itj;/
SOREQ
EL-OP
" " " " " "
IAI
" " "
ELiSRA
" " "
HEBREW
" "
" " " UNIVERSITY
RAFAEL
ELBIT
" " " " " " " " " "
IMI
"
TADIRAN
" " " "
ELTA
" " "
ISRAEL OVERALL " " " " " " " " " "
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-3010; 15 July 1987, or higher
lltJthonly
ATIACHMENTS
I.
ll.
rn.
I.V.
V.
VI.
VII.
Vlli.
IX.
X.
XI.
xn.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
xvn.
XVIII.
XIX.
xx.
XXI.
XXII.
XXIll.
XXIV.
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIIi.
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI.
XXXII.
XXXIll.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
XXXVI.
x.xxvn.
XXXVlll.
XXXIX.
XL
XLI.
Introduction
Lead Azide Laser - Negev
Electro-Thermal Acceleration - SOREQ
HgZnTe lR Detectors - SOREQ
EI-Op
A. Gelatin Holographic Optical Element
B. High Power Sealed C02 Laser
Wigglerless Free Electron Laser - Hebrew University
Excimer Kinetics - Hebrew University, Racah Institute
Plasma Detectors - Rafael
Software Logic - Rafael and others
Computer Vision - Elbit
Electronic Warfare
SIGINT - Octopus
Tadiran
A. EWIDF and Emitter Location
B. C3I J
C. EW, COMINT, COMJAM. and ELINT
Lavi Electronics - Elta
Airborne SIGINT
A-I

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Attachment 1
INTRODUCTION
This section contains a series of unclassified, nonproprietary, and open literature
summaries of science, technology and weapons systems developments which the team collected
during its visits to various companies and laboratories.
These summaries contain data that include:
o Comparisons between U.S. and Israeli electronic combat systems.
o Science and technology comparisons.
o Armor and anti-armor comparisons.
o Category I technology summaries
items.
unique and different, technologically sound
o Corporate!1aboratory overviews where technological advances exist.
o Physical and engineering data on technically advanced programs in an original
format provided by allied organizations.
o European laboratory technology assessment.
More specific physics and engineering data are provided as proprietary technology in a
limited distribution Proprietary Book 2, Volume 1 and 2, to support the assessment conclusions
of the team members.
I-I

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Attachment II
CATEr:I:F.Y I ITD!: LFAD AZIDE, SHORr WA~ CHEMICAL IASER - NEXiEV
NEGEV has devised sane interesting and innovative ideas for
pa.geroducing short wavelengths, the so-called solid fuel pllsed
dlemical lasers. 'they claim that they may be able to get as rruch as
ten ldlojoules per pllse in the blue-green (462 rm).
'this device has considerable interest as a possible easily
deployable rocket-launched optical "bellringern • Ten kilojoules in the
blue-green will enable these kind of individual p1lse energies to
penetrate into the ocean to a depth of 3,000 feet over an area of
10,000 square kilometers (a square 100 kilometer on the side).
Relaxation of the depth requiremmt (US subtBrines do oot oormally
. cruise to that depth) aJUld lead to coverage of as rruch as 1 million
square kilaneters down to 1,000 or 1, 500 feet. ShOJ.ld this kind of
laser prove feasible, it \lICUld be possible to launch a laser of this
type on warning and have it radiate over very large areas to
considerable depths with a single intense optical p.llse. nus p.llse
would alert the submarine to cc:me to periscope depth or whatever
prearranged EAM procedures are required. This is, therefore, of
interest in the deployment am CXJ'lI'IlaOO am control of our strategic
subnarines. Since the weight of such a device involved is small
(perhaps ale poun:i of lead azide required to provide a 20 kilojoule
p.llse) the system aJUld be ltCdular with the FlS launched ASAT system,
am deployed to an altitooe of sane 2,000 or 3,000 kilaneters, then be
alla.red to shine dcwn on the ocean. 'nle requirements of nore
11-1

 

 

 

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Attachment II
than 1 mLllioo square ldlaneters !MY be too strirY3ent since the holding
areas ~re probably snaller than at 1 million square Kilometers in area.
The idea is a derivative of techniques which were used in the past
5 or 10 years to produce intense CO2 radiation in a detooating
mixture. The first chemical laser, based 00 the rMction of hydrogen
(or deuteriwn) with chlorine am fluorine, was carried out sone 15
years ago by Pimentel and Kaspers at the University of california,
Berkeley. It was prop)sed that ooe could taXe the reaction of various
materials with metals and produce excited states of metal oxides in the
gas phase. One of these reactialS, as cited in the SORm report, was
the reactioo of 1:arium with nitrous oxide. Hl::M!ver, none of t.'1;!S~
approaches has proved fruitful: in fact l'x:ne of them has '.oA:lrkai.
Another reactioo proposed was the reaction of nitrogen fluoride wit.'"
icx1i.'1e fluoride to proluce a transfer chemical laser. nus has also
been unsuccessfuL Previous research has centered '!lrourr] continuOl.ls
wave iasers. One of the problem; here is that the reaction r'!lte wiII
always be limi.ted by diffusive mixing as ~he reactions describej hare
are diffusioo controlled chemical reactions. Other schemes i:'1 whi,:h
excited states of nitrogen are utilized have not proved. feasi'ole
because of the deactivatioo prxess occurring in the oollision of
nit.rogen lTOlecules.
The Israelis, hooIever, 'have devised an extremely clever appcoac~
to solving the :':'any problem; 3Ssociatei wit..'1 the production 0: short
wavelength light: chemical ?Jr.l'ing. The reaction t..'1ey have proposed is
the detonation of lead azide. This produces lead and t~ and t..'1.ree
radicals ..mich then deconpose to form an excited nitrcge."l rol~C'.Jle '\~
11-2

 

 

 

 

 

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I
I .
Attachment II
two de-excited rrolecules. The excited nitroc;en rrol4!cule (upon
collision with lead) activates the lead am in turn is dMctivatEri.
The activat83 lead has a lifeti.rre of 11 milliseaJnds. They PJi:tt out
that populatioo can be built up over a time much shorter than a
lifetine, in fact over the time of detalation of lead azide ...tU.dl is a
time like one microseccnL .Since the detonating lead azide is a
horrogeneous medium, 00 mixing is required to produce the reaction:
therefore, the reaction is not diffusioo limited. There appear to be
ro scientific reasoos Wny this scheme should oot succeed. Other azides
have also been proposed besides just copper: magnesium, C&1mium, am
aluminum. The investigators pr'Op)Sed to initiate their work with le!ld,
which appears to be the best understood of these lasin; transitions.
This is also oonvenient because the 462 nm line is 90 close to the . maxi.mL.Jn penetratioo wave length of the ocea.'\. ("The Jerlov Mini.rtun")
Various schemes haV4! been propJsed to generate a ~ium with the
active lead atoms. Granting our conclusion that there are no
scientific reasons why this scheme will not IoIOrk, the prL"lCipal
pnblerrs seem to be hoi to physically arrange the detonatiD; material.
Should smUl arrr:JUnts be detonat83 am allOolied to f100f into the d"l.ar.Der,
can large ancunts of lead azide be detonated at high pressure? 'I'hese
questions nust be a.nswered in a practical design of ele laser.
It \IoOUld appear that this is an ideal project for collaoorative
interaction with the Los 1\.lamos National Laboratory (IANL). It
involves various aspects of shock waves, gas dynamics and. quantum
electronics of t."le r.f) and M4 groups am the shock tube group at
11-3

 

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Attachment II
Loe ~, as well as the laser group. Liverfn:)re looOuld also be a gxx!
camidate: hcuever, Liverm:>re does not have a s'l'¥xK t\Jl?e group that is
dealinq with issues involved in the 'han:1linq of the det01ation pr~uets
which are hot gases corn:i.n; fran the detonatioo.
This is one of the more ingenious and useEul ideas ,Ie
enoountered durin; our European tour. A copy of the pro?,sa 1 is
attached.
II-4

 

 

 

 

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Attachment III
CATEGORY I ITEM: ELECt'R) PCCEL£RATtCN - SORa)
The maxinum gun projectile velocity obtainable by conventional
neans is aoout 1 'kilaneter per seccnL 'Ihis value is limite:l .~ tN!
burning l~te of the propellant, the soUI'd velocity in the propellants,
am in the length of the barrel. One tries to use light atons such a.s
the ligh-;:. gas gun, and pre-cc:mpress (or heat) the light gas as in the
two stag.! light gas guns. Here projectile velocity of seven or -eight
ltilaneters per second can be obtained with masses of 2o-~30 grams.
Another approach is to control the propellant burning froot wave '0<1
electric neans or actually heat the propellants by electrical ener;y
sources. In the plaStB heating technique an electric discharge takes
. place between a solid cathOOe through a hollOlied out cylindical Clivity
in CH2 or some other type of propellant. The temperatures am
pressures attained w::>uld be on the ordE!!' of several eV and several
'kilobars. The plasma jet produced i:lteraets lrith a light nuid
.propellant which can be water, propane or some other light sub9tan~.
TIle plasma flowi."l9 out of the end of ttl.e cylindrical tube discha.r3es
throU;h a supersonic nozzle and its velocity is then several tens of
kiloneters per secon:1. nus h:7t. plasma :iet interacts Irith light fluid
nentiooe3 above and stagnates. The mixi.n; and heat exchange between
the fluids increas<!S the base pressure ani accelerates the projectile.
A rectangular pressure shape can be obtai."1e:1 by tailoring this charge.
The acceleration can be extende:l to very high velocities because, t;j1e
scum velocity
111-1

 

 

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Attachment III
in the VlSp)rized accelerating nedium is large oompared with that :>f the
propellants. 'Ibis is a result of the high pressure am tenperatures'
achieved.
The other projectile concept ongoing in SOREQ is the base
acceleratioo of a projectile by attached propellant. nus scheme is
also being exa:nined in French am German latoratoriEis. The SOREX)
personnel used a:mbirurl electrical am chemical en..!I'9Y sources. In
this technique various schemes can be used to contain propellent ~rounj
the edge of the projectile, protecting the walls of the barrel. Both
electrical and chemical energy sources are used. 'n'le plasma jets
dischargiDJ at very high velocity ablate the charge and incraase the . propellant burn rate along the projectile base. nus thrust is
enhanced as a result of terminal pressure in the closed barrel. Only
preliminary analysis has been done using these techniques, am they
have made no claims as to the :naxinun projectile velocity they can
obtai."1. 'nley do emphasize the utilization of various c:>lnponents of
available hardware, such as a 50 caliber rifle barrel with a 'breech
asserti:lly a::rtpatible with t:oth the plasma injector anj the platform on
which it is rrcunted.
These ideas seen very fruitful, but they have not been developed
in a sufficently detailed way. Again, collaoorative plans sho',JU be
starte.:i with aRL am t.'e Los iUarrcs Lal:oratory using hydrod~cs and
detonation codes. This work should also be integrated into t.'e IIt'?r'k
done elsewhere in Europe. The paper describing this '''''Or'k follOrlS.
111-2

 

 

 

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Attachment IV
CATEGORY I ITEM: 'niE USE OF ftJ zn Te IN IR DE'I'ECl'ORS - SOREX)
Arna'J; the nest pranisin; materials for IR detector are t\1O-six
o::JIiXlunds which the seni-metal nercury telluride that can be tuned to
yield a semi-ccnduetor with a baD:! gap that vanishes at an intermediate
alloy CXitpJSitial. By utilizin; this effect it is p:l8sible to Obtain
narrai depth semi-ccnduetors for IR detectors. 'nle mercury cadmium
tellurides have been studied extensively because of their high
performance photoconductive and photosensitive capability.
Unfortunately, the set of nercury cadmium telluride are
unstable. It has been shown that the mercury telluride bond is
destabilized by alloyin; it with cadmium tellurides: al the other ham,
the bc:n1 is stabilized t7.i the a&!itial of zinc. 'nle grOlith of single
crystal solid solutia'18 of mercury zinc telluride was first reported in
Applied Physics Letters 1 3amary 1985 by the SOREe group.
TIle scientific paper involving the testing of mercury zinc
telluride, pictures of the l1Dir~ quality of the epitaxial layers, the
so called "rodting chair": in general, overall perfoITnance is discussed
thoroughly in the attached references.
It is clear that nercury zinc telluride appears to be a superior
naterial. HooIever IllIe nust rD#I test actual detector arrays in various
geanetric configurations. As this new material appears capable of
replacing currently proposed detector material, there should be an
active program initiated in collaboratial with a university, Bell Labs
or sane corporate entity to place the mercury zinc telluride crystals
IV-l
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Attachment IV
in various kinds of arrays. In this way performance can be natitored in
a practical way. See attached References.
. :-i r
IV-2

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Attachment V
El Op 18 an .l~cal-systen8 bJuse develc:pinJ, designin:J
ancS manufacturing, with a concentration on advances in technology in a
number of areas that c:olld be ,utilized by the Strat~~c Defense
Initiative Organization, and Defense Department~,R~,~earch and
Engineering in tactical weapons areas. Technology developnents
include:
o He1llet Display System (fI)S)a nw tI)S 18 blaed on an e~
optic device which senses the pilot's head. position and
permits the p~l.ot to slave onto a target with the display am
sighting system.
o
..
o
Nal-recyclinJ CX>2 laser that can increase average pier by an
order of magnitude by continuously exciting the sealed oft
lasers for 8'lerqy extraction 'baaed on ocaxial ccnfiguration
desigrw" to remove heat. Functioning. at a few kilOliatts of
power, the sealed-off laser can be used to detect ~ecoy
signatur.., measure velocity an! bUm censors.
Holographic retro-reflectors an! beam transformer opet:atinq
in the viaible to near infrared (0.41, 1.3 an! 2.7 microns)
in a very lightweight and compact system with st-rong
upherical prcperti_.
V-I

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Attachment V
o Solid state Nd:YAG and Nd:Glass lasers operating 1n the
visible and ultraviolet at near diffraction-limited
divergence at relatively high average of 20-90 W at the
various IoIavelenghts. The application could be for SOl
surveillance and tracking of space targets. 'n'le techrx:>logies
involved include slaboopmping, phase-amjugation, harmonic
generatioo and beam cleanup by stinulated Raman
scattering•
o A laser radar system using new o:ncepts and CXJup:::lIlents. 'nle
system is frequency stabilized, compact and sealed-off
transceiver for high ai'l.erent detectioo.
o A new o:ncept in stabilized hetercdyne/hatrdyne SYStem3 for
active imaging, Doppler velocity sensors, trad<i.n; sensors
and laser radars.
El Op also specializes in other types of laser .systems and t.~ey
have a fairly substantial capability in various areas of laser
Plysics. 'n1e lastest system to be investigated by EL OP is a solid
state laser that will operate at 416 nm at 50 p.l1ses per secan. This
wavelength is obtained by Rarran shiftin; to a 3rd.har.'rcnic which yields
a lift of 355 nm. 'nle Rarre.n o:nversioo takes place in a gas cell
containing the Raman active medium. '1lle project goal is a 30 watt
output average p:wer at 416 nm with a fraction number of eat1parable
divergence. 'n1e basic technical and scientific exploratioo has been
proven in other areas: the slab laser technique was developed and
V-2

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· Attachment V
utilized at u.verrrore 10 to lS years aq:J. M.lch of the recent Raman
work by Komine, Mani Bhaumik, am Ed:1ie Stappaerts at Northrop is
scrneo.mat further advanced in theroretical urxlerstanding. El may
have advantages in the packaging am the implementation into an overall
system of this kim.
V-3

 

 

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Attachment V-A
CATEGCRY I I'lDt: GELATIN HCLCGRAPHIC OPTICAL E:LEMEm' - EL CP
Bass! 00 the properties of gelatin, the technology of the gelatin
holographic elenent is not ar¥Jle dependent and can provide replacements for
lerBes, priStIJ and spectral filters. EL CP is using this technology with
cx::mp1ter-c;enerated hologra.pl1y and is developing holographic optical elenents
outside the visible part of the spectrum.
'lbe holographic optical element technology is a field that is expardi.~
rapidly in applications. One p:JSsible application prop:JSed by EL CP is for
IFF use, since the thin film gelatin is highly selective in wavelength, and
avoids the three apex lines with high accuracy of the deflectial ang le
ne.intained. applicatioo is stealth in the visible or IR regime.
E1rCP has specifically applied this technology to a Helmet Display
System ..tUd'l increases t."le e:atb1t pilot's first-shot time line by focusing
accurately 00 the target and allOliing a canplete freedan of head rrovenent.
The HOS measures line of sight to target relative to a reference
frame. It processes this informatioo for use in target acquisition and
cx:ntrol 'IoIeapCI'\ delivery system and renct.e sensors.
'!he stablized display symb:lls remain in space and rove into the scene
or out of it as the pilot shifts his line of sight.
V-A-l
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Attachment V-A
'ftle synt::ols are determined 't1t the fire CXX'\trol eOtp1ter ...m.ch naUtors
various 1np.lts, such as: helnet p:)8it1at, line of sight, ran;e to target,
ballistics, wind data, etc.
'ftle optical system is rolographic. It projects a a:>llimated ilnage into
the pilot's visual raBJe. The -display, which is transferred through
fiberoptics fran a high-brightness eRr, is fixed into the helmet. The pilot
sees an image regardless of the directioo in ...m.ch he turns his head and is
free to trDnitor ooc:1cpit displays as well as outside scenarios. He is
protected fran j~ since the 'fIIOUlcl be reflected.
V-A-2
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Attachment V-A
HDE/J 41,. fe~ie& 1eo",ef"iC4l CD"st"a,;"ts.
HOE
ro ji"st o"J.e"'~ 0. /fOE fA "of affeeted
e~ tk. s/J4pe of t/te suesfnte.
V-A-3
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Attachment V-A
-
-----

A Sim,& HOE C4IJt ee used. to '1ep8J.ce (i",ses
p"iAm/) fl/nd. J)/~ct17ll feltm.
V-A-4
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· Attachment V-A
_Sp-ecf;,-~ 1 f1dI!.fJ. Pa.(" /J,f!ecf,'vd'!:-
ft.:! ---------
..
1./00
V-A-5
tOO
f:•. '

 

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Attachment V-B
CA'I'EGCRY I I'l'fM: HIGH PCH:R SF.ALED CFF CO2 - EL (p
High powered CO2 lasers normally extract heat l:7:r' conduetioo
throU;h the cavity ..11 and then to a gas which is rerrcved from the
cavity. This is necessary because of thennal effects that reduce the
efficiency of the laser. El Cl> has developed a scherlw! in which the
cavity is designed with a four pass system ..mich is cylimrically
syrrmetric. The lenqth of the CXlOlin3 surface can be extended, and the
sides of the cylindr.ical shells can be aJOled ncre easily. 'n1e
inprovements achieved by this technique are increased pcuer per unit
length and a nwxe stablizir¥;J frequency with ncr!! CXlntrolled temperature
effects. nus sample s.ealed off laser was set to operate at 4 to 5
kilOlilatts ca1tiruxlUSly. It is pl~ to be up;raded and has potential
for inp~ the laser radar currently under developnent at El Cl>.
V-,B-l

 

 

 

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Attachment VI
Category 1 Item: WIGGLERLESS FREE ELECTRON LASERS -- HEBREW
UNIVERSITY
Scientists working at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Yale and the
Office of Naval Research have come up with an interesting scheme to construct
a free electron laser without a wiggler, using a -two beam- accelerator. This
possibility was also studied theoretically, although without reference to
specific beam sources, by the Frascati group.
These investigators propose abandoning the use of wigglers for
stimulating optical emission from a charged particle beam, and propose instead
a two-stage accelerator approach based on uling magnetic fields. This is
shown in Figure I of the attached paper.
As shown in Figure I electrons are introduced from the accelerator at an
energy of 2 MeV and a current of 3 kiloamps. They are introduced at an angle
to the two magnets so that a spatially coherent helical orbit can be produced
for all the electrons. 0.5 mm radiation is coupled from stage one to stage
two to serve as a driver for the autoresonant accelerator in stage two. The
radiation is focused into a tapered light pipe for acceleration and efficiency
in focusing. In this arrangement the compact device can produce 10 MeV
electron beams. In the first stage, an intense electromagnetic wave with
circular polarization is generated by using the magnetic field shown in Figure
1.
In the second stage, the output of the Wiggler-free FEt is used for
accelerating electrons, known as the gyro-resonance accelerator. This
nomenklatura derives from the fact that a tranverse electromagnetic wave,
which can accelerate charged particles moving in resonance with the wave, is
autoresonant.
VI-l

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Attachment VI
Althoulh it may be difficult to Icale this idea, and thil i. Itill a
matter of controverlY, there i. no que.tion that the compact nature of the
lecond Itase acceleratioD i. attractive. These individuals .hould do
experimeDt. which will sive them a clear knowledge of how Icaleable their
IYltem i., and bow compact the firlt .tase caD be made.
VI-2

 

 

 

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Attachment VII
Category I Itea: EXCIMER KINETICS -- HEBREW UNIVERSITY, RACAH INSTITUTE
These investigators propose to study the secondary electron kinetics of
I-beam pumped excimer laser gas aixtures. These are the typical rare gas
halide (so-called exciplex systems), excited complexes of kryptron fluoride
and xenon fluoride. To date, these data have always been inferred. However,
these investigators proposed to obtain direct information on the secondary
electrons by measurement of electron density using time resolved
interferometry, measurement of the average collision frequency of the
secondary electrons by infrared absorption, and measurement of current when an
external electrical field is applied. As the investigators point out, drift
velocity can be derived from the third measurement, and thus from the second
measurement the average electron energy can be evaluated. The laboratory hal
made a number of advances in this area. They have also pointed out that the
computer codes used to obtain electron energy distribution cannot be correct
in the case of xenon chloride. As a result, they have also requested funding
directly to measure energy distribution by Thompson scatteritlg. As they point
out,· this is a critical measurement; the Office of Naval Research is currently
funding these projects and considers them significant. For example,
information obtained by these measurements may enable us to obtain laser
ac~ion on some of the lines in xenon fluoride which are in the visible;
spe~ifically, lines itl the 420-500 nm range (C - A transition). It was never
clear that obtaining lasing action with major amounts of energy in these lines
was practical, but the proposed measurements should provide itlformation on
that problem. Of course, intense laser sources in the visible are extremely
valuable for a number of applications. Itl particular it would be useful to
obtain wide band tunable lasing action in the visible, which would eliminate
the problem of the lead Raman cell for ·submarine laser communications. The
VII-l

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Attachment VII
carreDt CODceptl ale a XeDoa cblorlde laler operatlDI at 308 aa, wltb a lead
vapor a..aD cell for IhlftlDI to 459 a., coapatlble wltb tbe cella. vapor
filter receiver•
..cab Iftltltate~1 propolal II attached.
VII-2

 

 

 

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Attachment VII
KINETIC STUDIES 1M nCUtER LASER MEDIA
Proposal of Hebrew Univesity -- Racab Institute
The following represents an outline of researcb, directly relevant to SDI
objectives, tbat can be conducted coat effectively at Hebrew University. This
researcb will support ongoing SDI researcb in tbe areas of exciuer lasers and
a~ospberic propagati~. The first two tasks are focused on developing a .ore
coaprebensive .odel for tbe kinetic processes in rare gas balide lasers and
could lead to invention of new efficient la~er systeas involving electron beam
pumped rare gas syste.s. These laser syste.s can not only be scale to the
ultra-bigb pover required for negation of ICBRs but can also, in lover pover
versions find broad applications to interactive discri.ination, laser target
designation and in development of precise tracking and pointing systems.
The tbird area of researcb is centered on providing a .ore coaprebensive
understanding of tbose nonlinear Rauan processes in tbe at.ospbere wbicb may
play an important role in determining tbe peak laser pover levels which can be
transmitted tbrougb tbe atmospbere efficiently. The proposed research would
be in three ares: These are:
o Investigation of tbe secondary electron kinetics of E-beam pumped as
well as E-beam and discharge pumped laser gas mixtures. These include tbe
rare gas balide exciplex systems and other new rare gas laser systems.
In leneral, the information on tbe role of secondary electrons in laser
performance is derived from elsborate codes which are not alto@ether accurate
or, at the least, have not been verified over a wide range of parameters.
The idea is to collect direct experimental information on the secondary
electrons.
The diagnostics are: 1) Measurement of electron density as a function
of time by time resolved interferometry. 2) Measurement of the average
VII-3

 

 

 

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Attachment VII
colli.lon frequency of the lecond.ry electronl by f.r Infr.red .blorptlon. ]).
Current .e.sure.ent vbea extera.l field il .pplied. All •••surements will be.
done •• a function of p.r...t.r. luch •• ,.,- pre••ure .nd coapolition, E-b...
current, I-field Itrenltb.-etc. Froa the third ••••ur••ent. the drift
velocity c.n be d.rived .nd troa the .ecoad .nd third .e.lure••nt. end .ver.,•
•lectron energy CaD be ev.lu.ted.
At Hebrev Univ.r.ity, l.b experiment••lr••dy .re runnins .lonl th.se
line. with. very mode.t bud,.t. vitb intere.tinl reaultl. For example, In
••••urins for th. firlt time the .tt.cheent r.te to p~ in I-b... pump.d Ar/F.
mixture., vithout !! extern.l!!!!!. "oreovlr. the re.ult••how cle.rly •
conaid.r.ble dependenci of the .tt.che.nt r.te on fluorine den.ity indlcatins
an incr.ale in electron .nergy vith increalinl F~concentratiOD. which is
9uite • aurpriain, rlault but ia believed to be underltood.
It ia anticipated that .n inveatigation would take approxim.tely thr.e
ye.rs .t a bud,et level of S60K p.r year.
o Inveati,ation of the second.ry electron energy diltribution in E-beam
pumped aa veIl a. I-be.. and di.charle pumped laaer I.a mixtur.a by Thompaon
acatterinl·
Boltzm.n cod.a .re b.inl ue.d to derive the electron energy
distribution. Th.se codes have not be.n verified experiment.lly. At least in
one cale (th.t of Xeel) the cod.s cannot be tru.. The el.ctron energy
distribution can be studied exp.rimentally by Thompson scatterin,. It Is a
v.ry difficult experim.nt, but It il doable. V. have quite thorou,hly
an.lyzed the problem .nd h.v. designed the experl.ent includinl .1,nal to
noi.e evaluation. These measur.ment. can be don. on the s..e .yste•••• In
case A .nd •• function of the different p.ram.ters.
Thi. project viii take 3 - 4 y••r••t a bud,et lev.l of ,60K • year, i.e.,
VII-4

 

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Attachment VII
$180 - 240K total.
o Hebrew DDiversity also proposes experimental work iD understanding
RamaD processes which domiDate atmospheric transmission and in particular to
study the physical aspects of the relationship amoog gain, frequeDcy spread,
dispersion and phase froDt control.
The existing major equipment in the lab includes:
E-beam (cable gun, 300 nsec, lS0KeV, ISA/cm2).
Biom.tin digitizer with 2Sec/dlv resolution, hooked to Apple
computer, for time resolved recording and analysis.
Spectrometers (variety) + OMA hooked to Apple computer for spectrum
recording and analysis.
Appollo C02 laser + F.I.R. laser for I.R. interferometry aDd far
iDfrared absorption.
Ruby laser -- for ThompsoD scattering.
Power supplies (variety).
Vacuum system and pumps (variety).
Detectors aDd photodiodes (variety).
There also is a Lambda Physiks short pulse exclmer laser + dye laser and
a CW Nd Yag laser. Fot major numerical analysis the Unversity has a Cyber
computer 180 - 855 C.D.C.
VII-5

 

 

 

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Attachment VIII
I I'lUb PIASW\ OETEC'I'ORS - AAFAEL
Scientists at Rafael have c:x:ine up with an in3enious way of usin3
th-e properties of a glow discharge plasrla to detect microwave and
millimeter waves. 'n'le attractiveness of the project lies in the
ability of the diacharge to withstand nuclear weapons effects. A glow
disd\arge plasna operates at a few hundred volts of applied voltage
with eurrent densities varyi.nq bebleen 10-5 and 10-1 anperes per square
c:entiJteter. 'n1e Rafael investigators in:licate that a focal plane array
can be CXI'18trueted of glow discharge elenBlts to 1nage microwave and
millimeter wave radaticn. 'n'lese tubes w:xk cn the principle that when
an electromagnetic wave illuminates the glow discharge tube, the
voltage current charae:teristic of the tube changes. O\aB3es in the
tube characteristics are reflected as a volt&ge ~e_ across a load
resistor. In this manner the glow plasma functions as a video
detector. WorK cn these types of devices \1i&S initated around 1965. In
the early 1980 's, Rafael carried out research on the interaction
between _electromagnetic waves and the glow discharge plasma and,
acaxding to the investigators, this information is sufficient t~
design tubes.
A najor questicn with these types of detectors is sensitivity. A
program should be carried out to determine whether their sensitivity
<:an be high enough to coupete with solid state detectors.
'n'le investigators list a number ot the advantages ot this type of
device. 'n1ey point out the tube is self CXlntained and does not have to
VIII-l
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Attachment VIII
be' fixed in a wave guide as does a solid state detector aoo the
deteetia1 is a "vollJltl!" effect: the wave is absorbed throughout the
plasttB. Since an absorption can take place throughout the volume of
the tube the radiatia1 needs not be focused or concentrated in a STBll
area such as would be required of a solid state device. nus
capability may also indicate a decreased sensitivity. Another
advantage is the fact that these arrays can renain quite small am that
larger arrays are currently bein; fabricated as panel displays or
plasma displays, a reflectioo of the fact that it is possible to
fabricate and assemble these devices in large numbers. 'n\e principal
~vantage, hooIever, is the resistance of these devices to a nuclear
enviJ::cxl1llent. 'n\E!Y. have resistance to high pc:wer mi.cr~ve radiation,
high ~r lasers, EMP, and blast, heat and radiatia1 fran nuclear
explosions. The devices have a fast response time and are
inexpensive. However, the principal issue is sensitivity. The
investigators shoJld determine the sensitivity which one oould expect
by optimizing the detectors. FurtheITl'Cre, there shoold be a system
stooy done to see whether the sensitivity hypothesized is suffi=ient
for detection requirenents for tactical or strategic applications.
VIII-2

 

 

 

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Attachrnept IX
C1TEGCn 1 ItIM: SCl"TVAII LOGIC - WAIL (& otBIRS)
It 1a _11 ImoVD tb.t "&1 tiM sottwar. cumot b. -tboroucblr t••ted
. aDd tb.t 1001 uaurUlO. ot "U.bU1tr aDd oo.....ctll... oumot b. proylded
purelr ua1q W ••pproaob. ReeeDUr, W. baa b•• pubUcl.ed br D.L. 'arDaa
u • partloularlr ....10\18 1••u. to.. 51)1. AD alt...ut1'l. approaob ua1q
torul ..tbod. bued CD utbeuUoal 10110 eUl b. used to.. tb. .p.altlclaUoD
ot reqU1rueDta tollowed br tb. d.~D.t".UOD ot oo....eetD... ot tb. ....ultuat
.ottw.......l.U.,. to tb. tol"llal .peoltleaUoD. !b. SIrt proj.ot dOD. br
SRI to.. USA 10 1911 poat. to tb. t.aalblUtr ot tbl, .ppro.ob, altboucb
tb.... waa DO ••qu.l. So.. up...t. do DOt b.U... tb.t tbls .ppro.cb OaD
b. scaled up to larl. sottwar. s,.t....
!oven.., receDt teobaolollc&1 adyUlO•• aDd CODt1JlU1q work b.1q dOD.
br tb. I U·. a tb1. are. ott.... bop. ot .1,p1tlcaDt 1aproV.II.t lD
sottw U.bU1tr. Th••• IdvaDc•• 1Jlolud. tellPo..al 1011c. to.. sp.oltr1Dl
aDd v ltrlDI OODCU Dt P..OI"••'. .dV.DCed work.t.UoDa to.. .ottw....
• P~c1tlc.UOD Uld v Ule.UoD, aDd AI sottwar. to.. tb.o.... prov1DI. Th•
...s....ob.... .t Ratul b•.,. .ppUed SRI'. IDt.rval T••po..al Lell0 to aD
.otual .ottwar. .,.t•••
It 1. recollllHDded tb.t 51)10 oOD.ld... tuDdlq 1011. work ot tbl. n.tu...
1D 11....1. !b. toeue to.. tbl. Work could b. D... Mord.oba1 Ben-A..l ot Raf••l
.Dd t.obal0D. Otb.... do1q ...loaDt, work are 'rot•• Aai.. Pnu.U,Zotlar
Mum. Uld D••ld Bar.l ot t,be V.lalAD Iut,1tut. ot Soleno. u w.ll u •
IrouP .t 1.....11 Alro..an IDdu.trl•••
IX-l

 

 

 

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Attachment X
CATEGORY I ITEM: COMPOTER YISIOH - !LBIT
Researcb on computer vision haa been carried out by Hr. 11811 Tuches
.of Elbit for tbe put fiVe or six years. The objective of tbis research
baa been severalfold. The first is to provide a d1&ital representation
of an im&8e an efficient lIIU1Der, tbus Provid1Dl data compression. The
second is to provide pattern recongnition in an adaptive manner for target
recognition and discr1.m1.Dation applications. The tbird is tbat tbe algorithms
should be cOlIIPutationally efficient and lend tbeuelves to an efficient
computer arcbitecture so tbat tbey can be carried out rapidly, and by a
pbysically small, 11&bt we1&bt and low power package appropriate to tactical
applications and even expendable use.
Tbe algoritblll, developed by Hr. Tuches, consists of searcbing for
areas of interest, mapping tbe field of view into a set of cbaracteristic
transform coefficients, and tben pattern recognizing by means of discr1lll1nant
functions applied to tbese coefficients. This is boiled down to a discriminant
operator (by a learn1Dl process) wbich produces a single number, wbicb
it posit1ve implies a target or if negative implies background. The
coefficients are derived by transforms (masks of tbe image in ways related
to bow tbe eye and tbe braiD process imagery and how a person searches
for patterns. SOlDe initial tbeoretical work was done along this line at
MIT by Yubet and Weizel in 1981. The algor1tblll takes into account the
dimensions or color, motion, and stereo. The algor1tblll does not d1stort
the image and is invariant to rotation, pos1tion and size. Elbit bas achieved
98.51 classification success for tbe algoritblll on tactical type targets.
X-I

 

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Attachment X
The comput1Da power requ1red by tbe Illor1tbm 1s 0.5 GiSa-1nstruct1ons
per seoond', wb1ch prov1des search and detection rates ot 7 (512 x 512)
trUles per second. 1 spec1al purpose processor tor lIDplemeatinl the allor1tbm
haa been bullt udnl a parallel arohitecture. It weiSba 33 lbs•• haa dllDena10ns
ot SWxS·x12·, consumes 200 watts. and costs under $1001.
Th1s approacb holds prolll1se tor be1Da a sign1t1cant advance 1D the
area ot real tllDe tarlet 1dentit1cat1on and location as well as data
compress1on tor cODvent1onal and stratel1C app11cat1ons.
X-2

 

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Attachment XI
Electronic Warfare
The Israel Porces utilize Electronic Warfare as a seqment of
their inteqrated defense forces. This aspect of electronics is
combined with electronic intelliqence, communications,
reconnaissance and weapons within the C3I network. Results
indicate a very effective use of EW to protect critical elements
of equipment and personnel and provide a very effective ·soft
kill· capability to supplement weapon systems.
Israeli aircraft utilize equipment and 000 systems built to
u.s. standards, compatible Radar Warning Receivers (RWR), decoys,
ECCM devices and procedures, as well as dedicated electronic
combat aircraft for effectiveness within the close confines of
ranqe, reaction time and threats.
The aircraft systems are supplemented by drones ehat provide
real-time tarqet data directly to the cockpit of tactical
aircraft. Israel has command type aircraft (Boeinq 707, etc.) that provide C3I for air operations.
Ground systems include several confiqurations of vehicle and
fixed base systems capable of complete tactical C3I, and include
SF/OF and full SIGINT capabilities. The naval command also has an
inteqrated C3I system with fully operational fixed site and
shipboard systems.
All facilities are inteqrated
intelliqence/command/communications system military operations.
into a secure
that controls all
Key factors in technoloqy associated with the electronic
combat systems include:
o VLSI Circuits
oReal-Time Processinq
o II Processinq Capability
o Extensive Microelectronics at all levels
o Application of known technoloqy at all levels.
An example of utilization of technology includes airborne
equipment with a VLSI circuit (2 micron size, 12K qates)
inteqrated into a miniature device with a SAW (Surface Acoustic
Wave) elemene thae is totally reproqrammable and capable of
providinq sinqle pulse processinq to the antennae of an airborne
radar.
This example of
information is a
electronic systems.
processinq precise and critical points of
strength that is implemented in Israeli
XI-l

 

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The
fielded
systems
for all
Attachment XI
The electronic combat systems are designed and fully
functional for Israel and the 50 mile wide geographic constraints
of the country. The need for fully operational indications and
warning, threat assessment and 24 hour reliability of EW equipment
to effectively counter an attack is reflected in the Israeli
systems.
designs are basic and employ existing technology in
devices. The integration of various devices into field
is very apparent and functions as an integrated C3I system ground, air and naval operations.
The maximum available substrate width (about 2") and the
requirement that the transducer be several tens of wavelengths wide for efficient operation limit the lower frequency to about 10
MHz. The upper limit of 1 GHz is due to mask fabrication and
photolithographic constraints, as well as to propagation losses.
The maximal relative bandwidth for reasonable insertion loss
and second order effects is about 40\, while the minimal bandwidth
is of the order of 0.1\.
The maximum available length of substrate (about 6") limits
the maximum delay to 50 microseconds, While the minimal delay of
several hundred nanoseconds is due to RF isolation difficulties if
the two transducers are- too close to each other.
SAW devices, being completely passive, feature a high dynamic
range relative to noise, despite the relatively high insertion
loss. They also feature high bandwidth and center frequencies as
compared to digital, CCD or crystal devices. Compared to lumped element components, they exhibit the well-known microelectronic
advantages of small size, high reproducibility, ruggedness and
freedom from tuning. Their performance, particularly of matched
filters and pulse compressors, is unique.
Typical Applications of SAW CHIRP Filters:
o Radar Pulse Compression: Improves resolution for a. given
range or for jamming immunity.
o Fast Frequency Synthesis: Mixes the output of two CHIRP
expanders impulsed with a variable delay.
o ESM Compressive (Microscan) Receivers: Based on two CHIRP
filters, provide a fast real-time analysis of a wide
frequency bank with good resolution.
o Fourier Transform Processors: Provide real-time analysis of
both amplitude and phase.
o Variable {Voltage-controlled) Delay Lines
o Time Compression/Expansion or Reversal Systems
XI-2

 

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Attachment XI
,..---------------- _.._----------
PaUIIIC!t (Or
Center Frequency
Bit Rate (Bandwidth)
Code Dunc Ion
Code Length
~Io('\u 101 t ion
SYlllbut
i o
is
T
S • BT
:.X i!: t i Ill'
tlcsi~n!:
hll - 70 ~IHz
- I: ~bs
to - :!~ us
32 - 3(1(1 hi tl'
1'5K. ~lC:J.:
n xed Coda· t'r
I' r or. r:lIn,"" hIt.·
llt.·sI ~n
C.:apo1bil1ty
u~ to 40" ~:
up to 1ut, !'!b~
ur ttl )( .. UIJ .." 1(,(1(- ~i:~
L- ._._
SAW Chirp Compressors/Expnnders
- Model ST ST ST ST ST ST Desl~n
Parallleter 4007 4101 4102 4103 4201 4202 Capability
Center Frequency
(Mllz) 60 180 60 60 60 550 700
Bandwidth - B
(Expo1ndc:r) C~"lz ) 20 50 6.3 6.1 17 190 200
UiSpl'r:;ive U~·).tY - T
[~xpallder I C" ... ) 2S 18 3.4 4.8 17 .:> 0.4 :5
T x B Prtld"ct SOO 900 21 29 300 76 IIJIJU
r.ompress~d I'"lse
Width c1t -4dK
( n!> :nax) ~') 2~ 290 290 IiJ n --
~idcl()h<.' I.l:v<.' I I,JIl) -11 -13 -:!4 -24 -3; -I] !1-"3,)
Insc.>rtinn I.oss ( t1H ) ~1 4'; :!h 2h ") .
"- 11 -- - _...__ ._._- ._---_.'------ .- - ._---_._-----_._--
XI-3

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------------- SYmb,11
---_.. _-- --_._------ ._------
r... nter Frl.'qUt,·Il~·v
Froact tunal 1S.1IU.lwt,1lh IJ -) .II!
Gruup 1>,,'ldy
~hapt' Factor
Std"l.)bfo Kl.'j~·d i,lll
"1:1(\ lit II~"'" I( i PI' I..·
"11;1:'" Lh'vLltiOlIl Ir,)lft I.ilwartty Jltl'
l;roul' L,,:l;I~ "'arl.lt j.'11 l'tI' .
rliS" rt t un I.uss
S.f.
IU - 700 ~II Z
Il.U - 40%
11.5 - ~IJ US
dOWIl to I. 10: I
UJ) to bO dli
dOWIl to ~O.3dK
dUWIl to I~
duwn to 50 ns
3 - 30 dB
......------_. -- ---------------------------,
SAW Bandpas. Filter Types
Center 3dB Rejection Stopband Insertlon
Type Frequency B.1ndvldth Btlndvidth ReJectlon Loss
at 40 dB
Hllz MHz MHz dB dB I
ST 1911 35.25 . 0.3 0.6 40 11
ST1910 35.25 0.8 3.2 40 15
ST1308 35.25 1.1 3.9 40 30
STl20.- 43.5 5.0 5.75 40 24
5T1309 6U.0 0.4 2.U ~5 15
5TI922 60.0 0.5 1.4 50 II
5T192.1 hU.U 0.9 2.1 ~O 10
STI31'** bO.O 1.9 b.9 25 5
5T1923 7U.0 1.6 4.8 50 12
5T1320 100.0 0.4 1.8 60 l~
STI925*" 110.120. 0.8 2.3 5U I~
•••200
* Vestl~ial sld~band fllter - NTSC st.lndard .. tow 10S$ ..- nlt~r bank
SAW Delay Line Types
~odel Center 3 ,18 Delay Insert il>n
Fr('quency Bo1ndwldth Luss
~Iz Hllz .1.::0 dB
STI JIO lll.n U.S II.H~ 23
Sfl912 bll.1I LI 1],)1 lIS
~iT 12'/2 SSu.u 2uu.u .~ ... JI)
--~
XI-4

 

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Attachment XI
, .nJ+ftAf\JV\Mf!VV\ ,.. \1
\
' 0 , UIIlII
• , OUT,
r--------------
.-., ..._ •..• I
". "." ,o'.- .",.,..-.-,
AI ,"'- ..
I~PL'T I
TR,\~SDl'CER
r I I I
01 0
CODe
TRA~SDlJCER
JI CIIIPS
[ __.....11
I~Pl'T 2
TRA~SDl·CF.R
SAW Convulv-=u
tu -70 dBm
25 dUm
to "JU ~s
tu 120 /'ttl;:
to ~OO MHz
UI::5ICN
CAPABILITY
TYPI:: tyPI::
5122065 ST2206L
16 Hllz 16 HHz
11 liS 17 1'5
60 ~lHz bO MHz
-79 dBm -79 dUm
up to 60dU up to hOdB
I~AltilDUm Input I'owf'r 25 dBm ;!') dUm l ----.J
I Input) dB 8andwidth
I
I Integration Time
I
I
IInput Center Frequency
811inearlty Factor *
I CHARACTERISTIC
I
~otes:
* The blline~rlty r~~tor ur cnnyulY~r ~ftic:e"cy is d~tined
as 10 lo~l.,out/O'inl I"in2)! wh~r... pow-:rs .ln.' in mW.
** The dyn.Jmic r:ln~e is the pOWl!r rau)t\! ui rh\! inpllt si/tunl, wlh.'n the
ref,'renCl! si~ndl is fixed :at +lS dllm. It ili a function of the
sl,;nal time duration nnd ch,ar:act\!r.
*** A bnndpass riltt'r is required OIt th\! c\lllv\ll'/\!f lIutimt.
in order to reject lignalll at tt,,: input fr\!'luency.
XI-S

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Attachment XII
SIGINT
Signals Intelligence Systems provide accurate geographic
location of specific electronic signals from hostile C31 and
weapon systems.
The Israelis have developed high speed programmable signal
processing devices for both sonar and radar systems, as well as
electronic warfare and electronic intelligence systems.
The basic features that have been successfully exploited are:
o Programmable signal processing.
o Parallel processing.
o Stand-alone and system integration design.
o Accurate range and location algorithms.
o Specific emitter identification.
The basis of ELTA's software is a ring bus architecture
called the Octopus, which allows multi-sensor fusion of data with
individual signal processing nodes. These nodes interface into a
master communications system and retain their stand-alone
capability for independent use or degeneration of the system.
The parallel processing capability comes from the "Butterfly"
concept under license to IAl from BBN.
Other capabilities include:
o Encryption/Decryption of voice and data.
o Real-time signal analysis.
o Multi-sensor correlation.
The Israeli's system approach to SIGlNT processing has taken
advantage of existing high technology and has integrated
components into field hardware.
The following data illustrates the Octopus architecture and
its processing times:
XII-l

 

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Attachment XII
PE"Calculation Speed
Execution Time/Speed
Addition 90 ns
Multiplication 180 ns "
Reciprocal 360 ns
Divi.sion 540 ns
Square Root 360 ns
Sin/Cos 540 ns
FFT Butterfly 540 ns
Impact of VHSIC on Airborne Signal Processor
With VHSIC
Today· Technology
Throughput (MCOPS) ** 7.1 50
Power Dissipated (kW) 1.3 0.1
Volume (FT) 1.0 0.1
Number of ICs 3000 35
*F-15 & F-18 Hughes Programmable Signal Processor (PSP)
** MCOPS
butterfly
algorithm.
adds.
- Million complex radix two butterflies per second. The
is a subalgorithm of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
It consists of four real multipliers and six read
XII-2
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Attachment XII
IE
•...- riA. , . •
. i\
i~&. eN
C
c
; ~~ N
=- ,e- !' =- &. 0 ;I. a -"- . a: . c
5· l i I _. ! --
f
• .
--
• N.
Ifo ·iiIc:~N';:;::;:;:;;;:;;:;::::;, .. c 1_.. _'''__ .......,,"_,,
.
.
:I
.....-----..0 _ o . .
• .. '----
C)
-....
...
X!!-3
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Attachment XII
OCTOPUS·..BLOCK DIAGRAM
...
MASTER COY
BUSr • •
. RNJ BUS
VO .
Pi •
PSP CH·ARACTERISTICS ..
. NUMBER OF OCTOPUS
CHARACTERISTIC 1 2 3 -
COMPUTATION RATE
(MOPS) - 280 520 780 •
I
NUMBER.OF MODULES 9 19 28 •

· I~n.. t R "lI/n~t\"II~'
XII-4

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Attachment XIII
TAD IRAN
Major Effort••
o Complete Airborne System. for:
Electronic Intelligence
CClIIUIlunications
.Command Security
Reconnaissance
o Complete facilities to develop and integrate Iystems. using a
high electronic content. .These equipmentl utiliIe .tate-of'"
the-art components in configurations that include preset development and unique composite technologies that ~tch
specialized tactical situations.
They are providing a drone system for the o.s. Navy that will
include:
o 3 Groundstations
o 20 Drones
o 9 hour air endurance
o 1 kW Power onboard
o Resolution of '.1 sq m radar cross section
o 12,000 ft operational altitude
Aircraft systems include:
o £LINT
o SIGINT
o RADINT
o COMINT
Full 701 configuration through F-16 fighter utilization.
19. of shares owned by GTE. O~S. subsidiary is NUMAX.
- R , D sbare of gross revenue is 11.4' of sales ($65M).
Sales 5570M (1985).
12,000 personnel.
XIII-.1

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Attachment XIII-A
EW/DF , Emitter Location
TDF-20s
Automatic mobile, shipboard or stationary direction finding system.
Operates in 20 to 500 MHz band using interferometry. Detects voice
and data radio transmissions and determines their direction of
arrival (DOA). Accuracy l.s-rms.
TDF-sOO
Automatic airborne direction finding system operates in 20 to 500
MHz band using interferometry. Calculates DOA of detected signals
quickly and accurately. Can be installed in a variety of aircraft
and helicopters and multi-tasked by up to 10 operators. Incorporated
in 'ircrew Rescue System. Accuracy l.s-rms.
TDF-300
Automatic heliborne OF System for aircrew rescue systems. 0perates
together with PRC-434 transponder.
TDF-230
Ruggedized HF OF system (1.5 to 30 MHz) for installation in '?Cs,
mobile shelters or aboard ship. Automatic Adcock-type, single
channel system.
TELEGO~~ SR-3
Compact, lightweight OF covering 20 to 200 MHz band, easily
installed on small vehicles. Using the Adcock technique,
automatically measures direction of arrival and continuously 1isplays
results. Will screen according to the azimuth sectors entered by
operators.
FIX-sOO
Emitter location finding system for VHF and UHF communication band
(20 to 500 MHz).
FIX-3000
Emitter location finding system for HF communication band (1.5 ~o
30 MHz.). ~ccuracy 1.0·rIDs.
XIII-A-l

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Attachment XIII-B
Command, Control, Communication & Intelligence (C3I)
C3I Centers
Provide real-time pictures of deployment and progress of both
friendly and enemy forces on land, at sea and in the air. Systems
incorporate computers, line, radio and radio-telephone equipment,
teleprinters, tactical digital terminals, tactical graphic displays
and secure communication devices. Transmission and switching, data
processing and analysis are performed at these centers.
DACCS (Divisional ~rtillery Command & Control System)
Provides commander with automatic real-time acquisition, processing
and dissemination of data for control of artillery. Maximizes number
of targets that can be engageu by weapon array and increases the
effectiveness of immediate counter-battery fire. Comprises system
data base, target acquisition, data entry and retrieval, decision
support and communic~tions.
TAC~IS Divisional C3I System
Divisional level command and staff system for message exchange,
intelligence information and friendly forces data management,
situation analysis, mission planning and monitoring services.
Maintains accurate actual situation picture and permits access,
presentation and analysis of elements of that situation picture.
~AVALrs (Naval Intelligence System)
Naval command and staff system with functions 3imil~r to T~CDI5.
CV-100S
Mobile C31 center with HF, VHF-FM, VSF/UHF-AM radio sets, TAC'r~R-l~
digital graphic terminal and encryption facilities.
CV-200S
Mobile multifunction communications center providi~g r~diotelephone,
microwave and fiber optic links for voice and data.
MIDAS (Message Integration, Distribution and Swi~chi~g System)
Automatically distributes and routes prefor~atted and f=ee-text
messages to a network of display terminals and printers. For all
types of strategic and tactical systems.
XIII-B-l
Further dissemination only as directed by OUSDA/IP&T The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-3070; 15 July 1987, or higher
authority.
Further dissemination only as directed by OUSDA/IP&T The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-3070; 15 July 1987, or higher
authority.
Attachment XIII-B
COMTAC C31 Console
Receives and presents graphic~lly strategic and tactical
information including electronic maps with tactical overlays for
comprehensive overview of the battle situation. Remote video display
from mini-RPV systems, automatic communication control and extensive
data processing capabilities are incorporated.
XIII-B-2

 

Further dissemination only as directed by OUSDA/IP&T The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-3070; 15 July 1987, or higher
authority.
Further dissemination only as directed by OUSDA/IP&T The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-3070; 15 July 1987, or higher
authority.
Attachment XIII-C
EW COMINT, COMJAM & ELINT
COMIST-Series 6000
Microprocessor-controlled real-time system operating in VHF/~HF
band (20 to 500 MHz) automatically scans and detects communication
signals. Has means for display, monitoring and OF. Stores and
transmits digital messages.
COMINT-Series 9000
Completely automatic system for scanning, detection and recognitio~
of voice and data HF signals (5 KHz to 30 MHz) with a variety of
tnodulation modes. Includes display unit and has message handling
capability.
COMJAM-Series 7000
Mobile systems, operating over rough terrain in hostile
environments, search, identify. monitor and disrupt enemy
communications without interfering with friendly communic~tions.
Cover the freq range 1.5 to 500 MHz according to need, with high
power transmision from·100W to 10 kW. Operation modes i~clude
spectrum scanning, "hunting" and operator-oriented hands-off ~ethod.
RAS-1B
Airborne radar analysis system for detection, identific~tion and
location of hostile radar emitters. Covers 0.7 to 18 GHz band. Fast
acquisition, accurate location, precise measurement and fast
processing of all existing signals. Generates an En~my 0rJer of
Battle (EOB) map showing radar and weapon systems in area. nirect
on-line airborne operations against active weapon syst~~s, Jevise~
and programs countermeasure and avoidance operations.
RASAO
Radar signals analyzer/deinterleaver meas~res complex, mixed a~d
intelligence radar signals, deinterleaves, computes parametar and
displays results. Can be integrated into conventional ELI~T syste~s.
TACOES
Airborne SIGINT system performs real-time acqu~s~tion,
identification, location, processing and reporting of communications
and radar systems in the 20 MHz to t8 GHZ band. Incorporates ~~S-lB,
ACS-500C COMINT, ·MUOF-SOOC OF and computerized C3 sY$t~ms. Fulll
integrati~e system with enhanced command and control capability and
real-time $~cure voice and data communications.
XIII-C-l

 

Further dissemination only as directed by OUSDA/IP&T The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-3070; 15 July 1987, or higher
authority.
Further dissemination only as directed by OUSDA/IP&T The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-3070; 15 July 1987, or higher
authority.
Attachment XIV
ELTA - "LAVI" AVIONICS
ELTA Electronics Industries, Ltd., a sUbsidiary of Israel
Aircraft Industries Ltds., has been elected as prime contractor
for the design and supply of three major segments of the "LAVI"
Avionics:
THE AIRBORNE RADAR
This is a modern multi-mode radar adaptable to a wide range
of combat and surveillance missions. As a sensor of the Weapon
System, the radar determines both airborne and ground target data
such as position, velocity and acceleration. Its coherent
transmitter and stable multichannel receiver assure reliable
look-down performance over a broad band of frequencies as well as
accurate resolution for mapping. A modern programmable signal
processing unit, backed up by the distributed computer network,
permits an optimal allocation of computing power for the radar's
many modes. This system also has a great deal of flexibility so
that new and updated processing algorithms are easily
implemented.
THE EW SYSTEM
This advanced self-protection EW System is fully automatic
and power managed. Based on modern architecture backed up by a
distributed computer network, it permits flexible and optimal
allocation of a wide range of resources. The integrated ESM!r.CM
computer control system enables identification of threat emitters.
and automatic response using jamming and deception techniques.
The optimal architecture and powerfuL computing subsystem allow
both identification and response in tomorrow's dense multi-threat
environment.
The system is designed to enable the "Lavi" fighter to
complete its mission by providing protection and substantially
enhancing its survivability and unassailability.
THE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Specially designed to withstand severe types of
disturbances, the unit is fUlly computerized and enables
operation from various contral protocols including MIL-STO-1553B
Mux-Bus interface.
The overall ELTA role for avionics for the LAVI is more than
60% of the total equipment.
XIV-l

 

Further dissemination only as directed by OUSDA/IP&T The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-3070; 15 July 1987, or higher
authority.
Further dissemination only as directed by OUSDA/IP&T The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-3070; 15 July 1987, or higher
authority.
Attachment XV
AIRBOfNE SIGINT
The prinary facility for ~rborne Sigint is the ASHOC'O based operations that
integrates total systert8 for Israeli tactical aoo strategic Operations. 'n'le
basic hardware inchx1es:
o cnmn', ELINT, and Corrnand Analysis
o Enem.i Deploynent Data
o Detailed Electronic Signature Data Bases
'n\e EUN'I' system locates and identifies radar emissions. 'nle e:a-u:NT system
intercepts pertinent radio transmissiO'1S and is capable of recordir¥; or real
time display.
System operatioo is fran an airborne ltIJlti-engine platform with operational
altitudes of 36,000 feet arx! 10 accuracies OJt to 400 Jan.
Ground systems supplement the processin; for acHitional detailed analysis and
c:annaOO and CXlI'ltro1 functiO'1S.
Frequency coverage includes:
o ELINT .S - 19 GHz, 70 Potiz - 40 GHz
o CCMINT 20 - 500 Potiz, 2 MHz - 1000 r-tIz
'nle equipnent is housed in a Boe~ 707 type ai

 

 
 

 

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